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Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana red pap1-D cells metabolically programmed by auxins

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Abstract

Red pap1-D cells of Arabidopsis thaliana have been cloned from production of anthocyanin pigmentation 1-Dominant (pap1-D) plants. The red cells are metabolically programmed to produce high levels of anthocyanins by a WD40-bHLH-MYB complex that is composed of the TTG1, TT8/GL3 and PAP1 transcription factors. Here, we report that indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in these red cells. Seven concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, 2.2, 9, 18 and 27 μM) were tested for the three auxins. IAA and 2,4-D at 2.2–27 μM reduced anthocyanin levels. NAA at 0–0.2 μM or above 9 μM also decreased anthocyanin levels, but from 0.4 to 9 μM, it increased them. HPLC–ESI–MS analysis identified seven cyanin molecules that were produced in red pap1-D cells, and their levels were affected by auxins. The expression levels of ten genes, including six transcription factors (TTG1, EGL3, MYBL2, TT8, GL3 and PAP1) and four pathway genes (PAL1, CHS, DFR and ANS) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were analyzed upon various auxin treatments. The resulting data showed that 2,4-D, NAA and IAA control anthocyanin biosynthesis by regulating the expression of TT8, GL3 and PAP1 as well as genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, such as DFR and ANS. In addition, the expression of MYBL2, PAL1 and CHS in red pap1-D and wild-type cells differentially respond to the three auxins. Our data demonstrate that the three auxins regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in metabolically programmed red cells via altering the expression of transcription factor genes and pathway genes.

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Acknowledgments

This investigation was initiated by a grant from the USDA (#: 2006-35318-17431). We are grateful to reviewers for their good comments and suggestions.

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  1. Zhong Liu

    Present address: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China

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  1. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

    Zhong Liu, Ming-Zhu Shi & De-Yu Xie

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Correspondence to De-Yu Xie.

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Z. Liu and M.-Z. Shi contributed equally to this study.

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425_2013_2011_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 1 The effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D (a), NAA (b) and IAA (c) on the fresh weight of the calli. The inoculum was 0.3 g/per petri dish. The calli were harvested after 15 days of culture and weighed to get fresh weight. Each bar represents the mean value of the weights from five petri dishes, and the error bars show the standard deviation. (TIFF 719 kb)

425_2013_2011_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary Fig. 2 Chromatographs recorded at 530 nm show that no peaks corresponding to anthocyanins were detected in the extracts of wild-type calli cultured under the 21 treatment conditions. (TIFF 1060 kb)

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Liu, Z., Shi, MZ. & Xie, DY. Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana red pap1-D cells metabolically programmed by auxins. Planta 239, 765–781 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-013-2011-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-013-2011-0

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