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Chromogranins: from discovery to current times

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Abstract

The discovery in 1953 of the chromaffin granules as co-storage of catecholamines and ATP was soon followed by identification of a range of uniquely acidic proteins making up the isotonic vesicular storage complex within elements of the diffuse sympathoadrenal system. In the mid-1960s, the enzymatically inactive, major core protein, chromogranin A was shown to be exocytotically discharged from the stimulated adrenal gland in parallel with the co-stored catecholamines and ATP. A prohormone concept was introduced when one of the main storage proteins collectively named granins was identified as the insulin release inhibitory polypeptide pancreastatin. A wide range of granin-derived biologically active peptides have subsequently been identified. Both chromogranin A and chromogranin B give rise to antimicrobial peptides of relevance for combat of pathogens. While two of the chromogranin A-derived peptides, vasostatin-I and pancreastatin, are involved in modulation of calcium and glucose homeostasis, respectively, vasostatin-I and catestatin are important modulators of endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, myocardial contractility, and innate immunity. A physiological role is now evident for the full-length chromogranin A and vasostatin-I as circulating stabilizers of endothelial integrity and in protection against myocardial injury. The high circulating levels of chromogranin A and its fragments in patients suffering from various inflammatory diseases have emerged as challenges for future research and clinical applications.

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Abbreviations

AMPs:

Antimicrobial peptides

CA:

Cateholamines

CgA:

Chromogranin A

CgB:

Chromogranin B

VS-I:

Vasostatin-I

VS-II:

Vasostatin-II

Chr:

Chromofungin

Chrom:

Chromacin

PST:

Pancreastatin

CST:

Catestatin

Srp:

Serpinin

VIF:

Vasoconstriction-inhibiting factor

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

SCL:

Secretolytin

MIC:

Minimal inhibitory concentration

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Acknowledgements

The authors are greatly indebted to Dr. Dominique Aunis for his everlasting and strong scientific support in the development of the biological roles of the chromogranin-derived peptides, in vascular integrity, myocardial contractility, and innate immunity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Karen B. Helle

  2. Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, Strasbourg, France

    Marie-Helene Metz-Boutigue

  3. Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavata de Rende, Italy

    Maria Carmela Cerra & Tommaso Angelone

Authors
  1. Karen B. Helle
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  2. Marie-Helene Metz-Boutigue
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  3. Maria Carmela Cerra
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  4. Tommaso Angelone
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Karen B. Helle.

Additional information

This article is part of the special issue on Chromaffin Cells in Pflügers Archiv – European Journal of Physiology

Invited contribution to the PAEJ Special Issue on Focus on chromaffin cells: from molecules to bodily functions (eds. R. Borges, E. Carbone and L. Gandia), in honor of Prof. Antonio Garcia.

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Helle, K.B., Metz-Boutigue, MH., Cerra, M.C. et al. Chromogranins: from discovery to current times. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 470, 143–154 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-2027-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-2027-6

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