Abstract
Purpose
Resistance exercise induces muscle growth and is an important treatment for age-related losses in muscle mass and strength. Myokines are hypothesized as a signal conveying physiological information to skeletal muscle, possibly to “fine-tune” other regulatory pathways. While myokines are released from skeletal muscle following contraction, their role in increasing muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise or training is not established. Recent research identified both local and systemic release of myokines after an acute bout of resistance exercise. However, it is not known whether myokines with putative anabolic function are mechanistically involved in producing muscle hypertrophy after resistance exercise. Further, nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator of muscle stem cell activation, upregulates the expression of certain myokine genes in skeletal muscle.
Method
In the systemic context of complex hypertrophic signaling, this review: (1) summarizes literature on several well-recognized, representative myokines with anabolic potential; (2) explores the potential mechanistic role of myokines in skeletal muscle hypertrophy; and (3) identifies future research required to advance our understanding of myokine anabolism specifically in skeletal muscle.
Result
This review establishes a link between myokines and NO production, and emphasizes the importance of considering systemic release of potential anabolic myokines during resistance exercise as complementary to other signals that promote hypertrophy.
Conclusion
Investigating adaptations to resistance exercise in aging opens a novel avenue of interdisciplinary research into myokines and NO metabolites during resistance exercise, with the longer-term goal to improve muscle health in daily living, aging, and rehabilitation.
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Abbreviations
- 4E-BP1:
-
4E binding protein-1
- BFR:
-
Blood flow restricted
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- FABP-3:
-
Fatty acid binding protein-3
- FGF-2:
-
Fibroblast growth factor-2
- HGF:
-
Hepatocyte growth factor
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor-1
- IL-4:
-
Interleukin-4
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin-6
- IL-7:
-
Interleukin-7
- IL-15:
-
Interleukin-15
- LH:
-
Luteinizing hormone
- LHRH:
-
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
- LIF:
-
Leukemia inhibitory factor
- MGF:
-
Mechano-growth factor
- mRNA:
-
Messenger ribonucleic acid
- mTOR:
-
Mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- p70S6K:
-
p70 ribosomal S6 kinase
- PNS:
-
Peripheral nervous system
- SPARC:
-
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
- STAT3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3
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Cornish, S.M., Bugera, E.M., Duhamel, T.A. et al. A focused review of myokines as a potential contributor to muscle hypertrophy from resistance-based exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 120, 941–959 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04337-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04337-1