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Oxidised phase relations of a primitive basalt from Grenada, Lesser Antilles

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Abstract

A series of liquidus determinations is reported for a primitive arc basalt (15.4 wt % MgO, 45.5 wt % SiO2) from Grenada, Lesser Antilles, at anhydrous, H2O-undersaturated and H2O-saturated conditions in the pressure range 1 atm to 1.7 GPa. \(\hbox{Fe}^{3+}/\Upsigma\hbox{Fe}\) of high-pressure experimental glasses as measured by μXANES ranges from 0.44 to 0.86, corresponding to oxygen fugacities (fO2) between 3.2 and 7.8 log units above the nickel–nickel oxide redox buffer (NNO). 1-atm experiments conducted from NNO − 2.5 to + 3.8 show that increasing fO2 mainly increases the forsterite content (Fo) of olivine and has little effect on phase relations. The crystallisation sequence at lower crustal pressures for all water contents is forsteritic olivine + Cr-rich spinel followed by clinopyroxene. The anhydrous liquidus is depressed by 100 and 120 °C in the presence of 2.9 and 3.8 wt % H2O, respectively. H2O-undersaturated experiments at NNO + 3.2 to + 4.5 produce olivine of equivalent composition to the most primitive olivine phenocrysts in Grenadan picrites (Fo91.4). We conclude that direct mantle melts originating beneath Grenada could be as oxidised as ~NNO + 3, consistent with the uppermost estimates from olivine–spinel oxybarometry of high Mg basalts. μXANES analyses of olivine-bearing experimental glasses are used to develop a semi-empirical oxybarometer based on the value of \({{K}_{D}}_{\rm ol-melt}^{\rm Fe-Mg}\) when all Fe is assumed to be in the Fe2+ state (\({K}_{D}^{{\rm Fe}_T}\)). The oxybarometer is tested on an independent data set and is able to reproduce experimental fO2 to ≤1.2 log units. Experiments also show that the geochemically and petrographically distinct M- and C-series lavas on the island can be produced from hydrous melting of a common picritic source. Low pressures expand the olivine stability field at the expense of clinopyroxene, enriching an evolving melt in CaO and forcing differentiation to take place along a C-series liquid line of descent. Higher pressure conditions allow early and abundant clinopyroxene crystallisation, rapidly depleting the melt in both CaO and MgO, and thus creating the M-series.

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Notes

  1. We note that Matzen et al. (2011) consider experiments on highly magnesian compositions and find that K D for mafic and ultramafic systems is higher than the canonical value of 0.30. The original experimental database of Roeder and Emslie (1970) spans a range of K D  = 0.30 ± 0.03, and thus we choose to apply the upper limit.

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Acknowledgments

C.C.S. was supported by a European Research Council (ERC) PhD studentship. E.M., R.A.B and J.D.B. acknowledge support from an ERC Advanced Grant (CRITMAG) and the Leverhulme Trust, and M.C.S.H. from a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. We would like to thank J. Craven for supplying natural samples, C-J. de Hoog for assistance with the Edinburgh ion probe and S. Kearns for help with the Bristol microprobe. We gratefully acknowledge the loan of reference materials (NMNH117393) from the Department of Mineral Sciences, Smithsonian Institution and thank the Diamond Light Source, UK, for beam time. The constructive reviews of C.-T.A. Lee, E. Médard and editor T.L. Grove considerably improved the manuscript and are gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK

    C. C. Stamper, E. Melekhova, J. D. Blundy & R. A. Brooker

  2. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia

    R. J. Arculus

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    M. C. S. Humphreys

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  1. C. C. Stamper
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  2. E. Melekhova
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Stamper, C.C., Melekhova, E., Blundy, J.D. et al. Oxidised phase relations of a primitive basalt from Grenada, Lesser Antilles. Contrib Mineral Petrol 167, 954 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0954-6

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