Abstract
The irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, tranylcypromine, is a potent antidepressant, but its use is limited to special indications due to side effects and dietary restrictions. The antidepressant action of tranylcypromine is not completely explainable by its effects on monoamine oxidase. Tranylcypromine also leads to an increase in brain trace amines, which are believed to play a key role in the pathophysiology of depression. It also affects other pathophysiological pathways associated with depression. Tranylcypromine treatment leads to an up-regulation of GABAB-receptors and modulates the phospholipid metabolism, which is essential for normal brain function. These findings implicate that the efficacy of tranylcypromine as an antidepressant may be due to its multiple actions within the human brain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altar CA, Laeng P, Jurata LW, Brockman JA, Lemire A, Bullard J, Bukhman YV, Young TA, Charles V, Palfreyman MG (2004) Electroconvulsive seizures regulate gene expression of distinct neurotrophic signaling pathways. J Neurosci 24:2667–2677
Baker GB, Coutts RT, Greenshaw AJ (2000) Neurochemical and metabolic aspects of antidepressants: an overview. J Psychiat Neurosci 25:481–496
Baker GB, Hampson DR, Coutts RT, Micetich RG, Hall TW, Rao TS (1986) Detection and quantitation of a ring-hydroxylated metabolite of the antidepressant drug tranylcypromine. J Neural Transm 65:233–243
Baker GB, Martin IL, Mtichel PR (1977) The effects of some indolalkylamines on the uptake and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat striatum [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 61:151P–152P
Baker GB, Urichuk LJ, McKenna KF, Kennedy SH (1999) Metabolism of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 19:411–426
Bazan NG (2003) Synaptic lipid signaling: significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids and platelet-activating factor. J Lipid Res 44:2221–2233
Berlin I, Said S, Spreux-Varoquaux O, Olivares R, Launay JM, Puech AJ (1995) Monoamine oxidase A and B activities in heavy smokers. Biol Psychiat 38:756–761
Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, Durkin MM, Lakhlani PP, Bonini JA, Pathirana S, Boyle N, Pu X, Kouranova E, Lichtblau H, Ochoa FY, Branchek TA, Gerald C (2001) Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:8966–8971
Branchek TA, Blackburn TP (2003) Trace amine receptors as targets for novel therapeutics: legend, myth and fact. Curr Opin Pharmacol 3:90–97
Breslau N, Novak SP, Kessler RC (2004) Daily smoking and the subsequent onset of psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 34:323–333
Breslau N, Novak SP, Kessler RC (2004) Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biol Psychiat 55:69–76
Calverley DG, Baker GB, Coutts RT, Dewhurst WG (1981) A method for measurement of tranylcypromine in rat brain regions using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Biochem Pharmacol 30:861–867
Cohen RM, Ebstein RP, Daly JW, Murphy DL (1982) Chronic effects of a monoamine oxidase-inhibiting antidepressant: decreases in functional alpha-adrenergic autoreceptors precede the decrease in norepinephrine-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate systems in rat brain. J Neurosci 2:1588–1595
Davis BA, Boulton AA (1994) The trace amines and their acidic metabolites in depression – an overview. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 18:17–45
Draper AJ, Madan A, Parkinson A (1997) Inhibition of coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 341:47–61
Fergusson DM, Goodwin RD, Horwood LJ (2003) Major depression and cigarette smoking: results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Psychol Med 33:1357–1367
Fitton A, Faulds D, Goa KL (1992) Moclobemide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in depressive illness. Drugs 43:561–596
Fitzgerald DH, Tipton KF (2002) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase modulates the behaviour of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). J Neural Transm 109:251–265
Fitzgerald DH, Tipton KF, Lyles GA (1998) Studies on the behaviour of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine. J Neural Transm Suppl 52:259–264
Frazer A, Lucki I (1982) Antidepressant drugs: effects on beta-adrenergic and serotonineregic receptors. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 31:69–90
Goodnough DB, Baker GB (1994) Comparisons of the actions of high and low doses of the MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine on 5-HT2 binding sites in rat cortex. J Neural Transm Suppl 41:127–134
Gordon JL, Pearson JD, MacIntyre DE (1979) Effect of prostaglandin E2 on prostacyclin production by endothelial cells. Nature 278:480
Greenshaw AJ, Nazarali AJ, Rao TS, Baker GB, Coutts RT (1988) Chronic tranylcypromine treatment induces functional alpha 2-adrenoceptor down-regulation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 154:67–72
Haag M (2003) Essential fatty acids and the brain. Can J Psychiat 48:195–203
Hampson DR, Baker GB, Coutts RT (1986) A comparison of the neurochemical properties of the stereoisomers of tranylcypromine in the central nervous system. Cell Mol Biol 32:593–599
Heller B, Fischer E, Martin R (1976) Therapeutic action of d-phenylalanine in Parkinson’s disease. Arzneimittelforschung 26:577–579
Hong SL, Carty T, Deykin D (1980) Tranylcypromine and 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate affect arachidonic acid release in addition to inhibition of prostacyclin synthesis in calf aortic endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 255:9538–9540
Horrobin DF (2001) Phospholipid metabolism and depression: the possible roles of phospholipase A2 and coenzyme A-independent transacylase. Hum Psychopharmacol 16:45–52
Jefferson JW (1992) Is tranylcypromine really metabolized to amphetamine? J Clin Psychiat 53:450–451
Jones RS (1982) Tryptamine: a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in mammalian brain? Prog Neurobiol 19:117–139
Kang GI, Chung SY (1984) Identification of N-acetyl and hydroxylated N-acetyltranylcypromine from tranylcypromine-dosed rat urine. Arch Pharm Res (Korea) 7:65–68
Lerman C, Caporaso N, Main D, Audrain J, Boyd NR, Bowman ED, Shields PG (1998) Depression and self-medication with nicotine: the modifying influence of the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Health Psychol 17:56–62
Lloyd KG, Zivkovic B, Scatton B, Morselli PL, Bartholini G (1989) The gabaergic hypothesis of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 13:341–351
Locock RA, Baker GB, Coutts RT, Dewhurst WG (1984) Displacement of serotonin from binding sites in rat cortex: the effects of biogenic “trace” amines. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 8:701–704
Lotufo-Neto F, Trivedi M, Thase ME (1999) Meta-analysis of the reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A moclobemide and brofaromine for the treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 20:226–247
Mallinger AG, Edwards DJ, Himmelhoch JM, Knopf S, Ehler J (1986) Pharmacokinetics of tranylcypromine in patients who are depressed: relationship to cardiovascular effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 40:444–450
McManus DJ, Greenshaw AJ (1991) Differential effects of chronic antidepressants in behavioural tests of beta-adrenergic and GABAB receptor function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 103:204–208
McManus DJ, Mousseau DD, Paetsch PR, Wishart TB, Greenshaw AJ (1991) Beta-adrenoceptors and antidepressants: possible 2-phenylethylamine mediation of chronic phenelzine effects. Biol Psychiat 30:1122–1130
Mousseau DD, McManus DJ, Baker GB, Juorio AV, Dewhurst WG, Greenshaw AJ (1993) Effects of age and of chronic antidepressant treatment on [3H]tryptamine and [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding to rat cortical membranes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 13:3–13
Ordway GA, Gambarana C, Tejani-Butt SM, Areso P, Hauptmann M, Frazer A (1991) Preferential reduction of binding of 125I-iodopindolol to beta-1 adrenoceptors in the amygdala of rat after antidepressant treatments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257:681–690
Paetsch PR, Greenshaw AJ (1992) Effects of chronic antidepressant treatment on dopamine-related [3H]SCH 23390 and [3H]spiperone binding in the rat striatum. Cell Mol Neurobiol 12:597–606
Parkington HC, Coleman HA, Tare M (2004) Prostacyclin and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. Pharmacol Res 49:509–514
Paterson IA, Boulton AA (1988) Beta-phenylethylamine enhances single cortical neurone responses to noradrenaline in the rat. Brain Res Bull 20:173–177
Raiteri M, Del Carmine R, Bertollini A, Levi G (1977) Effect of sympathomimetic amines on the synaptosomal transport of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Eur J Pharmacol 41:133–143
Rapoport SI, Bosetti F (2002) Do lithium and anticonvulsants target the brain arachidonic acid cascade in bipolar disorder? Arch Gen Psychiat 59:592–596
Reynolds GP, Rausch WD, Riederer P (1980) Effects of tranylcypromine stereoisomers on monamine oxidation in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 9:521–523
Riederer P, Lachenmayer L, Laux G (2004) Clinical applications of MAO-inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 11:2033–2043
Salsali M, Holt A, Baker GB (2004) Inhibitory effects of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine on the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6. Cell Mol Neurobiol 24:63–76
Sands SA, Reisman SA, Enna SJ (2003) Effects of stress and tranylcypromine on amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and GABA(B) receptor function in rat brain. Life Sci 72:1085–1092
Sands SA, Reisman SA, Enna SJ (2004) Effect of antidepressants on GABA(B) receptor function and subunit expression in rat hippocampus. Biochem Pharmacol 68:1489–1495
Sherry RL, Rauw G, McKenna KF, Paetsch PR, Coutts RT, Baker GB (2000) Failure to detect amphetamine or 1-amino-3-phenylpropane in humans or rats receiving the MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine. J Affect Disord 61:23–29
Sherry-McKenna RL, Baker GB, Mousseau DD, Coutts RT, Dewhurst WG (1992) 4-Methoxytranylcypromine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor: effects on biogenic amines in rat brain following chronic administration. Biol Psychiat 31:881–888
Simopoulos AP (2002) Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 21:495–505
Smith DF (1980) Tranylcypromine stereoisomers, monoaminergic neurotransmission and behavior. A minireview. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 13:130–136
Spahn-Langguth H, Hahn G, Mutschler E, Mohrke W, Langguth P (1992) Enantiospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with fluorescence detection for the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine and its applicability in pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr 584:229–237
Taavitsainen P, Juvonen R, Pelkonen O (2001) In vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes by a potent CYP2A6 inhibitor, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine), and its nonamine analog, cyclopropylbenzene. Drug Metab Dispos 29:217–222
Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ (1995) MAOIs in the contemporary treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 12:185–219
Tunnicliff G, Malatynska E (2003) Central GABAergic systems and depressive illness. Neurochem Res 28:965–976
Weber-Grandke H, Hahn G, Mutschler E, Mohrke W, Langguth P, Spahn-Langguth H (1993) The pharmacokinetics of tranylcypromine enantiomers in healthy subjects after oral administration of racemic drug and the single enantiomers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 36:363–365
Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Grotto I, Yasvitzky R, Rabinowitz J, Lubin G, Nahon D, Knobler HY, Davidson M (2004) Higher rates of cigarette smoking in male adolescents before the onset of schizophrenia: a historical-prospective cohort study. Am J Psychiat 161:1219–1223
Winkler JD, Fonteh AN, Sung CM, Heravi JD, Nixon AB, Chabot-Fletcher M, Griswold D, Marshall LA, Chilton FH (1995) Effects of CoA-independent transacylase inhibitors on the production of lipid inflammatory mediators. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1338–1347
Youdim MB, Aronson JK, Blau K, Green AR, Grahame-Smith DG (1979) Tranylcypromine (‘Parnate’) overdose: measurement of tranylcypromine concentrations and MAO inhibitory activity and identification of amphetamines in plasma. Psychol Med 9:377–382
Yu PH (2001) Involvement of cerebrovascular semicarbazide-sensitive amine xidase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Med Hypotheses 57: 175–179
Zhang W, Kilicarslan T, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM (2001) Evaluation of methoxsalen, tranylcypromine, and tryptamine as specific and selective CYP2A6 inhibitors in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 29:897–902
Rössner A, Weber A, Becker A, Beck G, Kornhuber J, Frieling H, Bleich S (2006) Decreased serum semicarbazide sensitive aminooxidase (SSAO) activity in patients with major depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (In Press)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Frieling, H., Bleich, S. Tranylcypromine. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256, 268–273 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-0660-8
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-0660-8