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Indian Ocean and Indian summer monsoon: relationships without ENSO in ocean–atmosphere coupled simulations

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Abstract

The relationship between the Indian Ocean and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and their respective influence over the Indo-Western North Pacific (WNP) region are examined in the absence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in two partially decoupled global experiments. ENSO is removed by nudging the tropical Pacific simulated sea surface temperature (SST) toward SST climatology from either observations or a fully coupled control run. The control reasonably captures the observed relationships between ENSO, ISM and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Despite weaker amplitude, IODs do exist in the absence of ENSO and are triggered by a boreal spring ocean–atmosphere coupled mode over the South-East Indian Ocean similar to that found in the presence of ENSO. These pure IODs significantly affect the tropical Indian Ocean throughout boreal summer, inducing a significant modulation of both the local Walker and Hadley cells. This meridional circulation is masked in the presence of ENSO. However, these pure IODs do not significantly influence the Indian subcontinent rainfall despite overestimated SST variability in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean compared to observations. On the other hand, they promote a late summer cross-equatorial quadrupole rainfall pattern linking the tropical Indian Ocean with the WNP, inducing important zonal shifts of the Walker circulation despite the absence of ENSO. Surprisingly, the interannual ISM rainfall variability is barely modified and the Indian Ocean does not force the monsoon circulation when ENSO is removed. On the contrary, the monsoon circulation significantly forces the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal SSTs, while its connection with the western tropical Indian Ocean is clearly driven by ENSO in our numerical framework. Convection and diabatic heating associated with above-normal ISM induce a strong response over the WNP, even in the absence of ENSO, favoring moisture convergence over India.

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India under Monsoon Mission (Project No. MM/SERP/CNRS/2013/INT-10/002 Contribution #MM/PASCAL/RP/07). The simulations were performed using French HPC resources from GENCI-IDRIS supercomputers. We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

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  1. Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, IPSL, Paris, France

    Julien Crétat, Pascal Terray & Sébastien Masson

  2. Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences, IISc-NIO-IITM–IRD Joint International Laboratory, IITM, Pune, India

    Pascal Terray

  3. Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India

    K. P. Sooraj & Mathew Koll Roxy

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  1. Julien Crétat
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Crétat, J., Terray, P., Masson, S. et al. Indian Ocean and Indian summer monsoon: relationships without ENSO in ocean–atmosphere coupled simulations. Clim Dyn 49, 1429–1448 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3387-x

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