Abstract
Urethane and MS-222 are agents widely employed for general anesthesia, yet, besides inducing a state of unconsciousness, little is known about their neurophysiological effects. To investigate these effects, we developed an in vivo assay using the electric organ discharge (EOD) of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus as a proxy for the neural output of the pacemaker nucleus. The oscillatory neural activity of this brainstem nucleus drives the fish’s EOD in a one-to-one fashion. Anesthesia induced by urethane or MS-222 resulted in pronounced decreases of the EOD frequency, which lasted for up to 3 h. In addition, each of the two agents caused a manifold increase in the generation of transient modulations of the EOD known as chirps. The reduction in EOD frequency can be explained by the modulatory effect of urethane on neurotransmission, and by the blocking of voltage-gated sodium channels by MS-222, both within the circuitry controlling the neural oscillations of the pacemaker nucleus. The present study demonstrates a marked effect of urethane and MS-222 on neural activity within the central nervous system and on the associated animal’s behavior. This calls for caution when conducting neurophysiological experiments under general anesthesia and interpreting their results.
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This study was supported by Grant 1946910 from the National Science Foundation (GKHZ) and a PEAK Experience Summit Award from Northeastern University (AIE).
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GKHZ designed the study; AIE, GKHZ conducted the experiments; AIE, DL, MA, GKHZ analyzed the data; DL designed the algorithms for automatic frequency measurement, chirp detection, and waveform analysis; GKHZ, DL wrote the manuscript; DL, AIE prepared the figures; GKHZ, AIE, DL reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Eske, A.I., Lehotzky, D., Ahmed, M. et al. The effect of urethane and MS-222 anesthesia on the electric organ discharge of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Physiol A 209, 437–457 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-022-01606-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-022-01606-6