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Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Impart Cd Tolerance in Cajans Cajan (L.) Millsp. by Upregulating the Expression of Metallothionein (CcMT1) and Phytochelatin Synthase (CcPCS1) Genes

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Abstract

Cadmium pollution of soil restricts growth and yield of crop plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizae play significant roles in imparting tolerance to Cd toxicity by establishing symbiotic association with the host plants species. The present study therefore evaluated the effects of four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species (AMF), i.e. Claroideoglomus claroideum (AM1), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (AM2), Funneliformis mosseae (AM3) and Rhizoglomus intraradices (AM4), in modulating physiological and molecular attributes of Cd-stressed (Cd – 0, 50 mg/kg) Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeon pea) plants. Application of Cd reduced growth (more in roots than shoots), nitrogen fixing potential and yield. It also led to generation of reactive oxygen species as well as membrane leakiness. AMF supplementations improved growth, nutrient acquisition, rhizobial symbiosis, reduced oxidative burden and Cd uptake by enhancing the synthesis of thiols (cysteine, reduced and oxidized glutathione, phytochelatins, non-protein thiols). Activity of glutathione reductase increased significantly in AMF inoculated plants which imparted redox balance by improving GSH/GSSG ratio in roots and shoots. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis displayed abundance of transcripts encoding two metal chelator genes; metallothionein (CcMT1) and phytochelatin synthase1 (isoforms CcPCS1X1, CcPCS1X2 and CcPCS1X4) which expressed more in roots than leaves of Cd-stressed AMF plants. Moreover, expression level of CcMT1 was more intense than CcPCS1 indicating higher ability of MTs to combat Cd stress than PCS. R. intraradices was the most efficient in inducing the expression of metal responsive genes than other three species suggesting its promising role in the amelioration of Cd toxicity in pigeon pea.

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Acknowledgements

Authors gratefully acknowledge TERI and IARI (New Delhi) for providing the biological research material. We sincerely thank the Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF) Panjab University Chandigarh, India, for technical support.

Funding

The authors are thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, and the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, for providing financial assistance in undertaking the research work vide their Grants [09/135(0819)/2018-EMR-I] and [BT/PR13409/BPA/118/122/2015], respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    Aditi Bisht, Shyna Bhalla & Neera Garg

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160025, India

    Arbind Kumar & Jagdeep Kaur

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  1. Aditi Bisht
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  2. Shyna Bhalla
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The corresponding author (NG) planned and designed the research experiment. AB and SB perform the experiments, collected the data and analyzed it. The other authors, including the corresponding author (AK, JK, NG), monitored the experiments and gave final shape to the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Neera Garg.

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Bisht, A., Bhalla, S., Kumar, A. et al. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Impart Cd Tolerance in Cajans Cajan (L.) Millsp. by Upregulating the Expression of Metallothionein (CcMT1) and Phytochelatin Synthase (CcPCS1) Genes. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 3947–3966 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10864-2

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