Introduction

Chronic rheumatic diseases (RDs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Of these, adverse mental health is a major contributor to poor quality of life. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects 0.2–1.2% of the general population and would amount to a large number of diseased individuals in a large country like India with a population base of 1.3 billion people [1]. Depression is highly prevalent among patients with RA, amounting to 13–42% of individuals in various studies [2,3,4,5].

It is anticipated that in the post-COVID-19 era, due to a backlog of patients, there may be a rise in outpatient waiting lists. Moreover, the proposed activation of the interferon axis in clearing the virus may put patients with RDs are an additional risk of flares of disease. It remains to be explored if this translates into a higher incidence of RA in the genetically predisposed. A rise in cases can add to the challenge of a low number of rheumatologists in India [6], already serving a staggering patient load. Such an increase in cases combined with a lack of specialists may lead to delayed diagnoses, increased inaccessibility to care, and further stressing the primary care system. India’s rheumatology and primary care workforces also face a significant risk of physician burnout, professional dissatisfaction, and possibly a greater number of lawsuits due to worse patient outcomes. A rise in incident mental health disorders in this group is anticipated, further increasing the burden on psychiatrists and psychologists.

Rheumatologists and psychiatrists need to be aware of this possibility and a better understanding of the incoming tide may help them handle the surge better. The authors review the impact of COVID-19 on patients with RA, their mental health and explore potential solutions to stem the coming tide, such as telemedicine, community-based medication, and therapy programs, and mental health interventions.

Materials and methods

For this narrative review article, a literature review was conducted on PUBMED and SCOPUS databases by AB and MKC to identify articles in English on the subject. The search terms used were “COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV2 OR SARS-COV-2 OR novel coronavirus OR nCOV OR pandemic”, “Mental health disorders OR Depression OR anxiety”, “Rheumatoid arthritis OR RA OR Arthritis OR Rheumatoid”, “Telemedicine OR Telehealth OR Teleconsultation”, “Health service accessibility”.

The search with a combination of the above phrases returned 1126 results. These were independently reviewed and the relevant information was extracted for this narrative review, which was a total of 60 articles.

The review paper has only included data from 2013 till the start of 2021 and does not include animal studies. Thus, it could miss some important studies beyond this study period. The pandemic is an evolving situation, and some points made in this paper could be made moot by a return to normal life.

The interplay of Covid-19, RA care, and mental health

COVID-19 is the world’s worst health crisis in 100 years. A well-documented effect of this tragedy has been the increased incidence rate of depression globally. In a survey performed by the University of Chicago, approximately two-thirds of the US population stated that they were suffering from anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem due to the COVID-19 pandemic [7]. A meta-analysis of 72 studies which included 13,189 patients with RA showed that the prevalence of depression was 16.8% ((95% CI 10–24%). The same analysis found that depression in patients with RA led to significantly poorer outcomes [8]. Another study of 172 patients showed that illness severity was remarkably related to depression, which was also impacted minority communities more severely [9].

A British study found that adults had increased rates of suicidal thoughts due to the lockdown [10]. Recently Cleaton et al. [11] examined the impact of stringent Covid-19 era social distancing on the Health-Related Quality of Life at a UK rheumatology center. The study revealed a considerable decrease in the mental component score in the coronavirus infected patients’ group than when compared to non-infected patients. In patients without COVID-19, the ‘shielding’ group exhibited a decline in mental as well as physical component scores, suggesting a statistically significant psychological impact of social isolation, when the patients adhered to public advisory during the lockdown period by not leaving the house and having minimal social interactions.

During the lockdown, patients with RA have experienced increased pain and functional impairment, both of which are associated with increased incidence rates of depression, anxiety, insomnia, decreased self-worth, and other mental health disorders. The World Health Organization (2020) reports that the elderly are more likely to be concerned, nervous, and annoyed during the quarantine period [2].

Regrettably, this population also has the highest incidence of RA, placing the elderly at the cross-section of worsening mental health, morbidity due to RA, lack of access to care due to the lockdown, and an overburdened health system coming apart at the seams [12]. This is being seen around the world, with decreasing rheumatology visits, and patient compliance [13, 14].

RA is associated with a higher prevalence of functional impairment which is seen in at least 15.8% of patients with RA [15]. Functional impairment due to RA leads to loss of productivity and absenteeism from work, increased health care expenses, and decreased quality of life [15]. Functional impairment is a strong predictor of depression in patients with RA [16] and is also associated with an increased risk of suicide [16].

Due to the massive financial upheaval caused by the pandemic, individuals who have lost their jobs are at a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders [17]. The RA patient population is already at a higher risk for leaving the workforce due to RA-associated disability [18]. Since employment is correlated with greater self-esteem and access to care in patients with RA, losing employment due to COVID-19 may be detrimental to the mental health of patients with RA. A dangerous combination of these factors might precipitate a joblessness crisis among the RA patient population, with a superimposed deterioration of mental health. There is an urgent need to explore and understand the impact of COVID-19 associated unemployment on the mental health of patients with RA in the post-pandemic period.

Beyond the physical and mental effects of the lockdowns, patients may opt to wait for essential procedures due to the fear of contracting COVID-19, decreased hospital capacity, and many centers opting to suspend non-emergent procedures [19]. Delays in surgeries due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to significant anxiety amongst those opting for elective surgery [20], with most hoping to schedule their surgery as soon as possible. This signals a surge in elective surgery cases after the COVID-19 pandemic abates, again increasing the risk for physician burnout, poorer outcomes, and increased lawsuits among surgeons. Unfortunately, there has been rather limited research available for patients with RA delaying procedures and treatment, and this remains an area that needs investigation to grasp the full scope of the problem.

The vicious cycle

One key factor determining mental health is the bidirectional relationship between physical and mental well-being. An abundance of evidence shows that deteriorating mental health worsens RA symptoms, which in turn adversely affects the mental health of the patient. A systemic review found that depression in the RA patient population may intensify pain and illness activity, decrease the effectiveness of treatment, and adversely affect patient outcomes [21]. RA affects the quality of life [22], increases pain [23], exhaustion [24], health care usage [25], and increased the possibility of untimely death.

Mental health disorders also directly contribute to RA symptom-related outcomes including pain [26], which is the most common presentation of RA that persists even after inflammation is controlled [27, 28]. Dealing with the pain that is associated with RA flares presents a daunting task for any patient, with duration and severity of depression being a risk factor for pain intensity [29]. Experiencing mental distress may increase patient-reported symptoms of pain and tenderness [30]. Mental distress increases non-adherence to medications [31] and smoking [32].

Tying these individual metrics of patient wellness together, there emerges a clear cyclical relationship between RA disease activity and mental health. Thus, there is a vicious cycle of RA flares and symptoms worsening mental health, which in turn worsens the RA via increased symptoms and non-adherence. This in turn adversely affects mental health and so on, into a downward spiral. Superimposition of unemployment and isolation onto this already vulnerable patient population may lead to a drastic increase in mental health disorders, poorer outcomes, and decreased quality of life (Qol) of the patient (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The vicious cycle of mental health and COVID-19 induced life alterations. The implications of COVID-19 on the mental health of patients with RA and the resultant increase incidence of RA flares. The overall effect of this downward spiral is a decrease in QoL of the patients and worse patient outcomes.

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Social support and coping mechanisms

Decreased social support reduces emotional adaptation to the disease [33], increases physical disability and distress [34], and increases the prevalence of depression [35]. Elevated levels of stress and poor illness perception harm emotional and social adjustment to the disease [36] as well as increase the incidence of depression [33]. Patients with RA who have strong social support structures have less severe symptoms of psychological disorders than those who do not [37,38,39]. Hence, strong family support and coping strategies can have an overall positive effect in the short and long-term management of patients with RA. The most important aspect of this research is that it provides a ripe target for intervention, via existing familial and social structures, without the need for massive financial investment.

Use of telemedicine during COVID-19: current status and challenges:

Most consultations during the lockdown period were online, via telemedicine portals. While studies have reported that telemedicine may be equally effective in-person consultations [6]. While telemedicine remains a cost-effective option for delivering health care to patients with RA, being logistically the easiest to implement in urban areas and affluent communities [40], there remain significant barriers to access to telemedicine, especially in rural areas. The lack of availability of mobile devices is a significant challenge to accessibility in developing countries. Equitable access to care remains something that is only talked about in academic and policy circles, with no real progress on the ground.

The elderly, which are the age group most affected by RA, may not be technologically literate enough to access telemedicine [41]. This may result in a lack of access or dependence upon younger members of the household, who may not be always available or willing to dedicate their time and devices.

Telemedicine might also promote the feeling of isolation, as yet another in-person human interaction is moved online contributing to further deterioration of mental health. Physical examinations are limited, depriving clinicians of an essential tool for diagnosis [41]. Moreover, new patients who might be suspected of having rheumatoid arthritis are difficult to diagnose via telemedicine in the absence of overt disease. This may result in delayed intervention and eventually worse outcomes. Delayed infusions due to the lockdown and job loss have had a negative impact on patients with RDs (rheumatoid disorders) during the pandemic [42, 43]. Certain patient subgroups among those with RDs can be more challenging to manage with telemedicine than others [44].

Online counselling services and mental health interventions have flourished during this period, and while protocols for systematic reviews have been published [45], there seems to be a lack of consensus on the effectiveness of such services [46]. It would be optimal to stratify patients with RA according to RMDs (rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases) as per the presence and number of comorbidities, to help determine risk for severe COVID-19. Teleconsultation is uniquely suited to serve this purpose [47].

Potential solutions

In light of the evidence reviewed above; a mental health-focused approach is necessary for clinical practice in rheumatology going forward. Given the nature of the lockdowns imposed due to COVID-19, with non-emergent medical services being severely curtailed or stopped completely, patients with RA may be increasingly isolated, unable to reach out to their physician or support system in a time of need. Moreover, mitigation of the anticipated rise in cases is paramount. The authors recommend the following steps, some, or all of which can be explored by rheumatologists.

A community-based intervention program focused on patients with RA is an option that local physician groups can implement. The patients can be reached either via telemedicine for counselling or via visiting groups that focus on physical as well as mental therapy. Establishment of programs in conjunction with local pharmacies aimed at ensuring the availability of RA drugs to patients at all times. Given the hydroxychloroquine shortage and general lack of mobility due to the lockdowns, this can be an essential step in ensuring patient compliance to therapy [26]. If a hybrid model between telemedicine, community-based groups for infusions and medications, and counselling can be implemented, it would serve as a balanced and reasonable vehicle for delivering healthcare to patients with RA, while also decreasing the burden on specialists.

Management of depression in patients with RA may not only improve mental health but also decrease pain, enhances the functional status and quality of life [48], and enhance response to treatment [49]. Passive coping and low self-confidence are significant predictors of depression in patients with RA [9]. Mandating a psychiatry consult at the time of diagnosis, regular screenings, along with training rheumatologists and family members to identify common signs of depression can help get patients the help they need.

Telemedicine has seen a boom in use during the pandemic. Due to the nature of RA and the follow-ups required, telemedicine consultations became the consultation of choice [44]. Given that most patients were satisfied with the telemedicine consultations and intended to continue them even after the pandemic, telemedicine is here to stay [50]. There are accessibility issues with telemedicine in rural areas. This can be countered by the government. or charitable programs aimed at boosting connectivity. This has the additional benefit of empowering citizens digitally and financially. In addition to consultations by experts via telemedicine, a home visit by community health workers to improve compliance, deliver medication, provide services such as physiotherapy can be a bedrock of such a community program. An exercise regimen, with compliance being monitored via telemedicine, can be beneficial to patients with RA in both reducing the severity of symptoms and improving their mental health [51, 52].

Although Indians generally tend to be more resilient to adversity and black swan events in general [53], consultants might counsel patients with RA on the need to stock up on essential items such as medication, food, etc.

While pain management remains one of the most challenging aspects of clinical practice, it is essential for improving QoL and the mental health of the patient. The current guidelines on pain management recommend initially asking the patient about their level of pain along with the level of functional impairment associated with the pain [54]. It is essential that the pain management strategy must be tailored to each patient’s situation, triggers, and amplified pain pathways.

Pharmacological intervention remains the core component of pain management in RA, with NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), paracetamol, opioids, and intra articular glucocorticoid injections being the most effective options [54]. The EULAR guidelines also recommend that NSAIDs and their safety needs further evaluation for patients with RA. Just as important to pain management is to avoid medications that do not provide relief to the patients but are widely used as adjuvant pain therapy in patients with RA, such as benzodiazepines. The use of such medications has been shown to not have any positive effect on pain management goals, while significantly increasing the rate of adverse effects [55]. Beer’s criteria [56] should be followed when treating pain in elderly patients.

Capacity building, short training courses for internal medicine doctors in rheumatology, specialized nurses are some of the potential solutions for decreasing the impact of the post-COVID-19 spike in RA cases. Counselling family members to be sensitive to the mental and physical health needs of Patients with RA can provide an extra line of defence against mental health problems. The participation of psychiatrists and psychologists is essential to deal with the surge in mental illnesses due to the adversarial impact of the pandemic (Fig. 2), Table 1.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Solutions to increase access and provide adequate care in the COVID-19 era. Solutions include increased access to telemedicine, community-based healthcare groups, mental health screening and intervention, along with improved compliance to pharmacological therapy

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Table 1 Relevant studies showing the association of depression and rheumatoid arthritis
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Conclusion

There is a strong association between depression and suicide ideation in patients with RA with depression, both acting synergistically, to send patient outcomes plummeting. It is evident that arthritis patients in general and patients with RA especially are at a higher risk for mental health disorders, although individual risk factors have not been elicited as of the time of this writing.

Given the accentuated risk of flares in RA and the inability to access care for a prolonged period due to the lockdown, the authors suspect a surge in cases for outpatient departments, procedures, and testing. The rheumatology community needs to prepare itself with novel solutions and increased numbers to handle the rise in cases, without compromising the quality of care. In light of the unique situation that the pandemic has presented, further research is paramount to understanding the quantum of adverse mental impact, determinants, and possible solutions for efficient management. More research needs to be done in certain areas, especially with regards to the financial impact of COVID-19 on Patients with RA, its interplay with mental health, and methods to improving accessibility to telemedicine, in an equitable and just manner. A few solutions which can be explored, based on existing research are increased screening for mental health disorders which is key to improving outcomes and improving the QoL of the RA patient population. Early recognition and intervention in RA cases decrease the prevalence of depression and suicidal risk. This also reduces disease burden; health care costs and improves the quality of life. Early intervention has perhaps the highest value in improving patient outcomes; hence the authors recommend instituting screening protocols for the general public to provide intervention as soon as possible. Another promising approach tailor-made for the pandemic are community-based intervention programs for those who are affected by the pandemic to provide them with access to medication, infusions, consultations, and mental health interventions.

Thus, evidence suggests that patients with arthritis in general and rheumatoid in particular may be at additional risk for adverse mental health during the pandemic. However, evidence on the direct and indirect impact of the situational and the disease-related factors is not known yet. More research in this area will help doctors and policymakers get the information they need to make informed decisions regarding care and policy, respectively. More ambitiously, a special program for patients with RA specialized in employment according to their abilities can be started on a pilot basis, which may become a model for a larger program if the pilot is successful. In view of abbreviated healthcare during the pandemic period and a possibly accentuated risk of flares of arthritis, we may be at the helm of a surge in outpatient appointments and waitlists. Rheumatologists need to be aware of the possibility, and the unique situation calls for structured studies to analyse the quantum of adverse mental impact, determinants, and possible solutions for efficient management.