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Regulation of the fungal secretome

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Abstract

The ability of countless representatives of the Kingdom Fungi to adapt to and proliferate in diverse environments is facilitated by regulation of their secretomes to respond to changes in environmental conditions and to mediate interactions with other organisms. Secretome changes often fulfill common functions of nutrient acquisition, facilitation of host/symbiont interactions, cell wall modification, and optimization of the enzyme suite to adapt to new environmental resources. In this review, we expand on our recent work on signaling and the secretome in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans to consider a range of selected examples of regulation of fungal secretomes. These examples include the impact of carbon source and aspects of the response to plant and animal hosts. Additionally, the influence of key protein kinases (e.g., Pka1, Snf1) and transcription factors (e.g., Rim101/PacC) is highlighted to illustrate some underlying regulatory factors influencing the secretome. Although there is a wealth of information about fungal secretomes from both experimentation and genome sequence mining, there are also major gaps in our knowledge about the complete composition of fungal secretomes and mechanisms of dynamic change. For example, a more comprehensive understanding of the composition and regulation of the secretome will require consideration of the emerging roles of unconventional secretion and extracellular vesicles in delivering proteins outside the cell. Overall, changes in the secretome are well documented in diverse fungi and the underlying mechanisms are currently under investigation; however, there remain unknown steps in the regulation of secretory pathways and gaps in understanding the regulation of unconventional secretion, which warrant further research.

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Acknowledgments

We apologize to the authors of additional important studies on fungal secretomes that we were unable to cite because of space limitations. Work in our laboratory is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN 41758), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-13234), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI053721). Additional support comes from a scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (to LCH), a Four Year scholarship from the University of British Columbia (to SWM) and a Burrough Wellcome Scholar Award in Molecular Pathogenic Mycology (to JWK).

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    1. Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

      Sean W. McCotter, Linda C. Horianopoulos & James W. Kronstad

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    1. Sean W. McCotter
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    2. Linda C. Horianopoulos
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    3. James W. Kronstad
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    Correspondence to James W. Kronstad.

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    Communicated by M. Kupiec.

    S. W. McCotter and L. C. Horianopoulos contributed equally and should be considered co-first authors.

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    McCotter, S.W., Horianopoulos, L.C. & Kronstad, J.W. Regulation of the fungal secretome. Curr Genet 62, 533–545 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-016-0578-2

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