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Historical Review of Surgical Simulation—A Personal Perspective

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Abstract

Although simulation is relatively new to surgical education, there is a long history in many other disciplines, such as military, aviation, and nuclear power plant operations, among others. In the late 1980s these technologies began to be adapted to the surgical world, along with the new technology of virtual reality. This is a review of the introduction of manikins, computers, and virtual reality into education and training for surgical skills. Two concomitant revolutions occurred: objective assessment of surgical skills and converting training from the apprenticeship model to one of criterion-based training. A personal perspective on these developments adds information not previously published.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, 1959 Pacific Street NE, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA

    Richard M. Satava

  2. U. S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA

    Richard M. Satava

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  1. Richard M. Satava
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Correspondence to Richard M. Satava.

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Opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author(s) and are not to be construed as official, or as reflecting the views of the Departments of the Army, Navy or Air Force, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or the Department of Defense. This is a declared work of the U. S. Government and as such is not subject to copyright protection in the United States.

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Satava, R.M. Historical Review of Surgical Simulation—A Personal Perspective. World J Surg 32, 141–148 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9374-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9374-y

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