Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Toll-like receptors expressed in tumor cells: targets for therapy

  • Review
  • Published:
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly expressing in human immune related cells and epithelial cells, play an essential role in the host defense against microbes by recognizing conserved bacterial molecules. Recently, the expression or up-regulation of TLRs has been detected in many tumor cell lines or tumors, especially epithelial derived cancers. Although the TLR profile varies on different tumor cells, the current evidences indicate that the expression of TLRs is functionally associated with tumor progression. TLR expression may promote malignant transformation of epithelial cells. Engagement of TLRs increases tumor growth and tumor immune escape, and induces apoptosis resistance and chemoresistance in some tumor cells. These findings demonstrate that TLR is a promising target for the development of anticancer drugs and make TLR agonists or antagonists the potential agents for tumor therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

BCGCWS:

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell wall skeleton

CLL:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CpG:

Deoxycytidyl-phosphate-deoxyguanosine

DC:

Dendritic cells

HMGB1:

High-mobility-group box 1

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IRAK:

IL-1R-associated kinase

IRF-3:

IFN regulatory factor 3

Lm:

Listeria monocytogenes

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Poly(I:C):

Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid

TIR:

Toll/interleukin-1 receptor

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TRAM:

TRIF-related adaptor molecule

TRAF6:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6

TRIF:

TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β

References

  1. Akira S, Takeda K (2004) Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 4:499–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (2006) Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 124:783–801

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA (2001) Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 413:732–738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Andersen JM, Al-Khairy D, Ingalls RR (2006) Innate immunity at the mucosal surface: role of toll-like receptor 3 and toll-like receptor 9 in cervical epithelial cell responses to microbial pathogens. Biol Reprod 74:824–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anderson KV, Bokla L, Nusslein-Volhard C (1985) Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo: the induction of polarity by the Toll gene product. Cell 42:791–798

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Obeid M, Ortiz C, Criollo A, Mignot G, Maiuri MC, Ullrich E, Saulnier P, Yang H, Amigorena S, Ryffel B, Barrat FJ, Saftig P, Levi F, Lidereau R, Nogues C, Mira JP, Chompret A, Joulin V, Clavel-Chapelon F, Bourhis J, Andre F, Delaloge S, Tursz T, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L (2007) Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat Med 13:1050–1059

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Boraska Jelavić T, Barisić M, Drmic Hofman I, Boraska V, Vrdoljak E, Peruzović M, Hozo I, Puljiz Z, Terzić J (2006) Microsatelite GT polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 is associated with colorectal cancer. Clin Genet 70:156–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bowman CC, Rasley A, Tranguch SL, Marriott I (2003) Cultured astrocytes express toll-like receptors for bacterial products. Glia 43:281–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chen YC, Giovannucci E, Lazarus R, Kraft P, Ketkar S, Hunter DJ (2005) Sequence variants of Toll-like receptor 4 and susceptibility to prostate cancer. Cancer Res 65:11771–11778

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cheng I, Plummer SJ, Casey G, Witte JS (2007) Toll-like receptor 4 genetic variation and advanced prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:352–355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. D’Agostini C, Pica F, Febbraro G, Grelli S, Chiavaroli C, Garaci E (2005) Antitumour effect of OM-174 and Cyclophosphamide on murine B16 melanoma in different experimental conditions. Int Immunopharmacol 5:1205–1212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Droemann D, Albrecht D, Gerdes J, Ulmer AJ, Branscheid D, Vollmer E, Dalhoff K, Zabel P, Goldmann T (2005) Human lung cancer cells express functionally active Toll-like receptor 9. Respir Res 6:1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fazeli A, Bruce C, Anumba DO (2005) Characterization of Toll-like receptors in the female reproductive tract in humans. Hum Reprod 20:1372–1378

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fichorova RN, Cronin AO, Lien E, Anderson DJ, Ingalls RR (2002) Response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae by cervicovaginal epithelial cells occurs in the absence of toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling. J Immunol 168:2424–2432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Furrie E, Macfarlane S, Thomson G, Macfarlane GT, Microbiology & Gut Biology Group; Tayside Tissue & Tumour Bank (2005) Toll-like receptors-2, -3 and -4 expression patterns on human colon and their regulation by mucosal-associated bacteria. Immunology 115:565–574

    Google Scholar 

  16. Garay RP, Viens P, Bauer J, Normier G, Bardou M, Jeannin JF, Chiavaroli C (2007) Cancer relapse under chemotherapy: why TLR2/4 receptor agonists can help. Eur J Pharmacol 563:1–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Guillot L, Medjane S, Le-Barillec K, Balloy V, Danel C, Chignard M, Si-Tahar M (2004) Response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling pathways: evidence for an intracellular compartmentalization of TLR4. J Biol Chem 279:2712–2718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hassan F, Islam S, Tumurkhuu G, Naiki Y, Koide N, Mori I, Yoshida T, Yokochi T (2006) Intracellular expression of toll-like receptor 4 in neuroblastoma cells and their unresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. BMC Cancer 6:281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hayashi F, Smith KD, Ozinsky A, Hawn TR, Yi EC, Goodlett DR, Eng JK, Akira S, Underhill DM, Aderem A (2001) The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature 410:1099–1103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. He JF, Jia WH, Fan Q, Zhou XX, Qin HD, Shugart YY, Zeng YX (2007) Genetic polymorphisms of TLR3 are associated with Nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk in Cantonese population. BMC Cancer 7:194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. He W, Liu Q, Wang L, Chen W, Li N, Cao X (2007) TLR4 signaling promotes immune escape of human lung cancer cells by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines and apoptosis resistance. Mol Immunol 44:2850–2859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S (2004) Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303:1526–1529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Kaisho T, Sato S, Sanjo H, Matsumoto M, Hoshino K, Wagner H, Takeda K, Akira S (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408:740–745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hold GL, Rabkin CS, Chow WH, Smith MG, Gammon MD, Risch HA, Vaughan TL, McColl KE, Lissowska J, Zatonski W, Schoenberg JB, Blot WJ, Mowat NA, Fraumeni JF Jr, El-Omar EM (2007) A functional polymorphism of toll-like receptor 4 gene increases risk of gastric carcinoma and its precursors. Gastroenterology 132:905–912

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Ogawa T, Takeda Y, Takeda K, Akira S (1999) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. J Immunol 162:3749–3752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Huang B, Zhao J, Li H, He KL, Chen Y, Chen SH, Mayer L, Unkeless JC, Xiong H (2005) Toll-like receptors on tumor cells facilitate evasion of immune surveillance. Cancer Res 65:5009–5014

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Huang B, Zhao J, Shen S, Li H, He KL, Shen GX, Mayer L, Unkeless J, Li D, Yuan Y, Zhang GM, Xiong H, Feng ZH (2007) Listeria monocytogenes promotes tumor growth via tumor cell toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Cancer Res 67:4346–4352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Idoyaga J, Moreno J, Bonifaz L (2007) Tumor cells prevent mouse dendritic cell maturation induced by TLR ligands. Cancer Immunol Immunother 56:1237–1250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ilvesaro JM, Merrell MA, Swain TM, Davidson J, Zayzafoon M, Harris KW, Selander KS (2007) Toll like receptor-9 agonists stimulate prostate cancer invasion in vitro. Prostate 67:774–781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kelly MG, Alvero AB, Chen R, Silasi DA, Abrahams VM, Chan S, Visintin I, Rutherford T, Mor G (2006) TLR-4 signaling promotes tumor growth and paclitaxel chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 66:3859–3868

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kim WY, Lee JW, Choi JJ, Choi CH, Kim TJ, Kim BG, Song SY, Bae DS (2007) Increased expression of Toll-like receptor 5 during progression of cervical neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007 Jun 22 (in press)

  32. Kopp E, Medzhitov R (2003) Recognition of microbial infection by Toll-like receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 15:396–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lee JW, Choi JJ, Seo ES, Kim MJ, Kim WY, Choi CH, Kim TJ, Kim BG, Song SY, Bae DS (2007) Increased toll-like receptor 9 expression in cervical neoplasia. Mol Carcinog 46:941–947

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA (1996) The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86:973–983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lemaitre B, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA (1997) Drosophila host defense: differential induction of antimicrobial peptide genes after infection by various classes of microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14614–14619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lund JM, Alexopoulou L, Sato A, Karow M, Adams NC, Gale NW, Iwasaki A, Flavell RA (2004) Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5598–5603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. McGettrick AF, O’Neill LA (2007) Toll-like receptors: key activators of leucocytes and regulator of haematopoiesis. Br J Haematol 139:185–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA Jr (1997) A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388:394–397

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mempel M, Voelcker V, Kollisch G, Plank C, Rad R, Gerhard M, Schnopp C, Fraunberger P, Walli AK, Ring J, Abeck D, Ollert M (2003) Toll-like receptor expression in human keratinocytes: nuclear factor kappaB controlled gene activation by Staphylococcus aureus is toll-like receptor 2 but not toll-like receptor 4 or platelet activating factor receptor dependent. J Invest Dermatol 121:1389–1396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Merrell MA, Ilvesaro JM, Lehtonen N, Sorsa T, Gehrs B,Rosenthal E, Chen D, Shackley B, Harris KW, Selander KS (2006) Toll-like receptor 9 agonists promote cellular invasion by increasing matrix metalloproteinase activity. Mol Cancer Res 4:437–447

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Molteni M, Marabella D, Orlandi C, Rossetti C (2006) Melanoma cell lines are responsive in vitro to lipopolysaccharide and express TLR-4. Cancer Lett 235:75–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nagai Y, Garrett KP, Ohta S, Bahrun U, Kouro T, Akira S, Takatsu K, Kincade PW (2006 )Toll-like receptors on hematopoietic progenitor cells stimulate innate immune system replenishment. Immunity 24:801–812

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nieters A, Beckmann L, Deeg E, Becker N (2006) Gene polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors, interleukin-10, and interleukin-10 receptor alpha and lymphoma risk. Genes Immun 7:615–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Nishimura M, Naito S (2005) Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of human toll-like receptors and related genes. Biol Pharm Bull 28:886–892

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ohara T, Morishita T, Suzuki H, Hibi T (2006) Heterozygous Thr 135 Ala polymorphism at leucine-rich repeat (LRR) in genomic DNA of toll-like receptor 4 in patients with poorly-differentiated gastric adenocarcinomas. Int J Mol Med 18:59–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Okamoto M, Sato M (2003) Toll-like receptor signaling in anti-cancer Immunity. J Med Invest 50:9–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Okamoto M, Furuichi S, Nishioka Y, Oshikawa T, Tano T, Ahmed SU, Takeda K, Akira S, Ryoma Y, Moriya Y, Saito M, Sone S, Sato M (2004) Expression of toll-like receptor 4 on dendritic cells is significant for anticancer effect of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in combination with an active component of OK-432, a streptococcal preparation. Cancer Res 64:5461–5470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ortega-Cava CF, Ishihara S, Rumi MA, Kawashima K, Ishimura N, Kazumori H, Udagawa J, Kadowaki Y, Kinoshita Y (2003) Strategic compartmentalization of Toll-like receptor 4 in the mouse gut. J Immunol 170:3977–3985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Pedersen G, Andresen L, Matthiessen MW, Rask-Madsen J, Brynskov J (2005) Expression of Toll-like receptor 9 and response to bacterial CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in human intestinal epithelium. Clin Exp Immunol 141:298–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Pioli PA, Amiel E, Schaefer TM, Connolly JE, Wira CR, Guyre PM (2004) Differential expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in tissues of the human female reproductive tract. Infect Immun 72:5799–5806

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pivarcsi A, Bodai L, Réthi B, Kenderessy-Szabó A, Koreck A, Széll M, Beer Z, Bata-Csörgoo Z, Magócsi M, Rajnavölgyi E, Dobozy A, Kemény L (2003) Expression and function of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human keratinocytes. Int Immunol 15:721–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Platz J, Beisswenger C, Dalpke A, Koczulla R, Pinkenburg O, Vogelmeier C, Bals R (2004) Microbial DNA induces a host defense reaction of human respiratory epithelial cells. J Immunol 173:1219–1223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Silva M, Galanos C, Freudenberg M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Layton B, Beutler B (1998) Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice:mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282:2085–2088

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Salaun B, Coste I, Rissoan MC, Lebecque SJ, Renno T (2006) TLR3 can directly trigger apoptosis in human cancer cells. J Immunol 176:4894–4901

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Salaun B, Lebecque S, Matikainen S, Rimoldi D, Romero P (2007) Toll-like receptor 3 expressed by melanoma cells as a target for therapy? Clin Cancer Res 13:4565–4574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Schaefer TM, Desouza K, Fahey JV, Beagley KW, Wira CR (2004) Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-mediated cytokine/chemokine production by human uterine epithelial cells. Immunology 112:428–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Schmausser B, Andrulis M, Endrich S, Lee SK, Josenhans C, Muller-Hermelink HK, Eck M (2004) Expression and subcellular distribution of toll-like receptors TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 on the gastric epithelium in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Exp Immunol 136:521–526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Schmausser B, Andrulis M, Endrich S, Muller-Hermelink HK, Eck M (2005) Toll-like receptors TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 on gastric carcinoma cells: an implication for interaction with Helicobacter pylori. Int J Med Microbiol 295:179–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Seya T, Akazawa T, Uehori J, Natsumoto M, Azuma I, Toyoshima K (2003) Role of Toll-like receptors and their adaptors in adjuvant immunotherapy for cancer. Anticancer Res 23:4369–4376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Spaner DE, Masellis A (2007) Toll-like receptor agonists in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 21:53–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Tahara T, Arisawa T, Wang F, Shibata T, Nakamura M, Sakata M, Hirata I, Nakano H (2007) Toll-like receptor 2 -196 to 174del polymorphism influences the susceptibility of Japanese people to gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 98:1790–1794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S (2003) Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 21:335–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Takada H, Ogawa T, Takeda K, Akira S (1999) Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 11:443–451

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Mühlradt PF, Morr M, Radolf JD, Zychlinsky A, Takeda K, Akira S (2001) Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 13:933–940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Takeuchi O, Sato S, Horiuchi T, Hoshino K, Takeda K, Dong Z, Modlin RL, Akira S (2002) Cutting edge: role of Toll-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins. J Immunol 169:10–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Toiyama Y, Araki T, Yoshiyama S, Hiro J, Miki C, Kusunoki M (2006) The expression patterns of Toll-like receptors in the ileal pouch mucosa of postoperative ulcerative colitis patients. Surg Today 36:287–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tsuji S, Matsumoto M, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Azuma I, Hayashi A, Toyoshima K, Seya T (2000) Maturation of human dendritic cells by cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin: involvement of Toll-like receptors. Infect Immun 68:6883–6890

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Yamamoto M, Sato S, Mori K, Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Takeda K, Akira S (2002) Cutting edge: a novel Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter that preferentially activates the IFN-beta promoter in the Toll-like receptor signaling. J Immunol 169:6668–6672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Hoshino K, Kaisho T, Sanjo H, Takeuchi O, Sugiyama M, Okabe M, Takeda K, Akira S (2003) Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science 301:640–643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Uematsu S, Hoshino K, Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Takeda K, Akira S (2003) TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 4:1144–1150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Yoshioka T, Morimoto Y, Iwagaki H, Itoh H, Saito S, Kobayashi N, Yagi T, Tanaka N (2001) Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces transforming growth factor beta and hepatocyte growth factor through toll-like receptor 2 in cultured human colon cancer cells. J Int Med Res 29:409–420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Zaks-Zilberman M, Zaks TZ, Vogel SN (2001) Induction of proinflammatory and chemokine genes by lipopolysaccharide and paclitaxel (Taxol) in murine and human breast cancer cell lines. Cytokine 15:156–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Zarember KA, Godowski PJ (2002) Tissue expression of human Toll like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines. J Immunol 168:554–561

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Zheng SL, Augustsson-Balter K, Chang B, Hedelin M, Li L, Adami HO, Bensen J, Li G, Johnasson JE, Turner AR, Adams TS, Meyers DA, Isaacs WB, Xu J, Gronberg H (2004) Sequence variants of toll-like receptor 4 are associated with prostate cancer risk: results from the Cancer Prostate in Sweden Study. Cancer Res 64:2918–2922

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhou XX, Jia WH, Shen GP, Qin HD, Yu XJ, Chen LZ, Feng QS, Shugart YY, Zeng YX (2006) Sequence variants in toll-like receptor 10 are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:862–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Histopathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China

    Li Yu

  2. State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, People’s Republic of China

    Shangwu Chen

Authors
  1. Li Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shangwu Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shangwu Chen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yu, L., Chen, S. Toll-like receptors expressed in tumor cells: targets for therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 57, 1271–1278 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-008-0459-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-008-0459-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation