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Apoptosis-detecting radioligands: current state of the art and future perspectives

  • Review Article
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Abstract

This review provides a critical and thorough overview of the radiopharmaceutical development and in vivo evaluation of all apoptosis-detecting radioligands that have emerged so far, along with their possible applications in nuclear medicine. The following SPECT and PET radioligands are discussed: all forms of halogenated Annexin V (i.e. 123I-labelled, 124I-labelled, 125I-labelled, 18F-labelled), 99mTc/94mTc-labelled Annexin V derivatives using different chelators and co-ligands (i.e. BTAP, Hynic, iminothiolane, MAG3, EDDA, EC, tricarbonyl, SDH) or direct 99mTc-labelling, 99mTc-labelled Annexin V mutants and 99mTc/18F-radiopeptide constructs (i.e. AFIM molecules), 111In-DTPA-PEG-Annexin V, 11C-Annexin V and 64Cu-, 67Ga- and 68Ga-DOTA-Annexin V. In addition, the potential role and clinical relevance of anti-PS monoclonal antibodies and other alternative apoptosis markers are reviewed, including: anti-Annexin V monoclonal antibodies, radiolabelled caspase inhibitors and substrates and mitochondrial membrane permeability targeting radioligands. Nevertheless, major emphasis is placed on the group of Annexin V-based radioligands, in particular 99mTc-Hynic-Annexin V, since this molecule is by far the most extensively investigated and best-characterised apoptosis marker at present. Furthermore, the newly emerging imaging modalities for in vivo detection of programmed cell death, such as MRI, MRS, optical, bioluminescent and ultrasound imaging, are briefly described. Finally, some future perspectives are presented with the aim of promoting the development of potential new strategies in pursuit of the ideal cell death-detecting radioligand.

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Notes

  1. A detailed list of preclinical studies is available from the author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Christophe M. M. Lahorte & Guido Slegers

  2. Division of North American Scientific Inc., Theseus Imaging Corporation, Boston, MA, USA

    Jean-Luc Vanderheyden & Neil Steinmetz

  3. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

    Christophe Van de Wiele & Rudi A. Dierckx

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  1. Christophe M. M. Lahorte
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  2. Jean-Luc Vanderheyden
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Correspondence to Christophe M. M. Lahorte.

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Lahorte, C.M.M., Vanderheyden, JL., Steinmetz, N. et al. Apoptosis-detecting radioligands: current state of the art and future perspectives. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31, 887–919 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-004-1555-4

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