Abstract
The beneficial use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in agroecosystems is not fully explored with partial information available, of which most of the studies are limited to laboratory conditions and only few involve natural ecosystems. AgNPs, being the most popular metallic nanoparticles exhibiting antimicrobial property, are predominantly used for plant disease management. Owing to the ill hazards of chemically synthesized AgNPs, their biosynthesis using environment-friendly biomolecules is gaining noteworthy attention. In addition, considering the advantages of nanoformulations over biopesticides, there is no doubt that biosynthesized AgNP-based biopesticides could revolutionize the agricultural sector in the future. Though enhanced commercial use of AgNPs has generated biosafety issues in modern scenario but expecting their significant contribution towards agricultural sector, it is too early to predict the risk factor associated with their usage. To unveil the toxicity factor of AgNPs, we need to focus and understand the major interactions of AgNPs in agroecosytems. Hence, the present review highlights (i) the potential application of AgNPs in the agricultural sector particularly for plant disease management, (ii) significance of biosynthesized AgNPs using microbes and plants over their chemical synthesis, (iii) major interactions of AgNPs in agroecosystems (with soil, soil biota, and plants) with emphasis to deal with toxicity-determining factors, and (iv) identifying future research work holding promising applications of biosynthesized AgNPs in agroecosystems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abhilash PC, Powell JR, Singh HB, Singh BK (2012) Plant–microbe interactions: novel applications for exploitation in multipurpose remediation technologies. Trends Biotechnol 30:416–420
Anjum NA, Gill SS, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I (2013) Silver nanoparticles in soil–plant systems. J Nanoparticle Res 15:1896
Babu K, Deepa M, Shankar S, Rai S (2008) Effect of nano-silver on cell division and mitotic chromosomes: a prefatory siren. Internet J Nanotechnol 2:2
Bae S, Hwang YS, Lee YJ, Lee SK (2013) Effects of water chemistry on aggregation and soil adsorption of silver nanoparticles. Environ Health Toxicol 28:e2013006
Bakshi M, Singh HB, Abhilash PC (2014) The unseen impact of nanoparticles: more or less? Curr Sci 106:350–352
Benn T, Cavanagh B, Hristovski K, Posner JD, Westerhoff P (2010) The release of nanosilver from consumer products used in the home. J Environ Qual 39:1875–1882
Benoit R, Wilkinson KJ, Sauve S (2013) Partitioning of silver and chemical speciation of free Ag in soils amended with nanoparticles. Chem Cent J 7:75
Blaser SA, Scheringer M, MacLeod M, Hungerbuhler K (2008) Estimation of cumulative aquatic exposure and risk due to silver: contribution of nanofunctionalized plastics and textiles. Sci Total Environ 390:396–409
Calder AJ, Dimkpa CO, McLean JE, Britt DW, Johnsonc W, Anderson AJ (2012) Soil components mitigate the antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles towards a beneficial soil bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. Sci Total Environ 429:215–222
Choi O, Hu Z (2008) Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 42:4583–4588
Chu H, Kim HJ, Kim JS, Kim MS, Y BD, Park HJ, Kim CY (2012) A nanosized Ag-silica hybrid complex prepared by γ-irradiation activates the defense response in Arabidopsis. Radiat Phys Chem 81:180–184
Chunjaturas W, Ferguson JA, Rattanapichai W, Sadowsky MJ, Sajjaphan K (2014) Shift of bacterial community structure in two Thai soil series affected by silver nanoparticles using ARISA. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 30:2119–2124
Colman BP, Arnaout CL, Anciaux S, Gunsch C, Hochella MF, Kim B, Lowry GV, McGill BM, Reinsch BC, Richardson CJ, Unrine JM, Wright JP, Yin L, Bernhardt ES (2013) Low concentrations of silver nanoparticles in biosolids cause adverse ecosystem responses under realistic field scenario. PLoS One 8:e57189
Cornelis G, Doolette C, Thomas M, McLaughlin MJ, Kirby JK, Beak DG, Chittleborough D (2012) Retention and dissolution of engineered silver nanoparticles in natural soils. Soils Sci Soc Am J 76:891–902
Cornelis G, Pang L, Doolette C, Kirby JK, McLaughlin MJ (2013) Transport of silver nanoparticles in saturated columns of natural soils. Sci Total Environ 463–464:120–130
Coutris C, Hertel-Aas T, Lapied E, Joner EJ, Oughton DH (2012) Bioavailability of cobalt and silver nanoparticles to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Nanotoxicology 6:186–195
Daniel SCGK, Vinothini G, Subramanian N, Nehru K, Sivakumar M (2013) Biosynthesis of Cu, ZVI, and Ag nanoparticles using Dodonaea viscose extract for antibacterial activity against human pathogens. J Nanoparticle Res 15:1319
Dubey SP, Lahtinen M, Sillanpaa M (2010) Green synthesis and characterizations of silver and gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Rosa rugosa. Colloid Surf A 364:34–41
El Badawy AM, Luxton TP, Silva RG, Scheckel KG, Suidan MT, Tolaymat TM (2010) Impact of environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, and electrolyte type) on the surface charge and aggregation of silver nanoparticles suspensions. Environ Sci Technol 44:1260–1266
Fayaz AM, Balaji K, Girilal M, Kalaichelvan PT, Venkatesan R (2009) Mycobased synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their incorporation into sodium alginate films for vegetable and fruit preservation. J Agric Food Chem 57:6246–6252
Gericke M, Pinches A (2006) Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Hydrometallurgy 83:132–140
Ghormade V, Deshpande MV, Paknikar KM (2011) Perspectives for nanobiotechnology enabled protection and nutrition of plants. Biotechnol Adv 29:792–803
Glover RD, Miller JM, Hutchison JE (2011) Generation of metal nanoparticles from silver and copper objects: nanoparticle dynamics on surfaces and potential sources of nanoparticles in the environment. ACS Nano 5:8950–8957
Gopinath V, Velusamy P (2013) Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus sp. GP-23 and evaluation of their antifungal activity towards Fusarium oxysporum. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 106:170–174
Guggenbichler JP, Boswald M, Lugauer S, Krall T (1999) A new technology of microdispersed silver in polyurethane induces antimicrobial activity in central venous catheters. Infection 27:16–23
Hänsch M, Emmerling C (2010) Effects of silver nanoparticles on the microbiota and enzyme activity in soil. J Plant Nutr Soils Sci 173:554–558
Haverkamp RG, Marshall AT (2009) The mechanism of metal nanoparticle formation in plants: limits on accumulation. J Nanoparticle Res 11:1453–1463
Heckmann L-H, Hovgaard M, Sutherland D, Autrup H, Besenbacher F, Scott-Fordsmand J (2011) Limit-test toxicity screening of selected inorganic nanoparticles to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology 20:226–233
Jacobson AR, McBride MB, Baveye P, Steenhuis TS (2005) Environmental factors determining the trace-level sorption of silver and thallium to soils. Sci Total Environ 345:191–205
Johansson M, Pell M, Stenström J (1998) Kinetics of substrate induced respiration (SIR) and denitrification: applications to a soil amended with silver. Ambio 27:40–44
Jo YK, Kim BH, Jung G (2009) Antifungal activity of silver ions and nanoparticles on phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Dis 93:1037–1043
Jung WK, Koo HC, Kim KW, Shin S, Kim SH, Park YH (2008) Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:2171–2178
Kasprowicz MJ, Kozioł M, Gorczyca A (2010) The effect of silver nanoparticles on phytopathogenic spores of Fusarium culmorum. Can J Microbiol 56(3):247–253
Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, Kim J-H, Park SJ, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Park YK, Park YH, Hwang C-Y (2007) Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine Nanotechnol Biol Med 3:95–101
Kim SW, Kim KS, Lamsal K, Kim YJ, Kim SB, Jung M, Sim SJ, Kim HS, Chang SJ, Kim JK, Lee YS (2009) An in vitro study of the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on oak wilt pathogen Raffaelea sp. J Microbiol Biotechnol 19:760–764
Kim SW, Jung JH, Lamsal K, Kim YS, Min JS, Lee YS (2012) Antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against various plant pathogenic fungi. Mycobiology 40:53–58
Klaine SJ, Alvarez PJJ, Batley GE, Fernandes TF, Handy RD, Lyon DY, Mahendra S, McLaughlin MJ, Lead JR (2008) Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:1825–1851
Klasen HJ (2000) Historical review of the use of silver in the treatment of burns. I. Early uses. Burns 26:117–130
Krishnaraj C, Jagan G, Ramachandran R, Abirami SM, Mohan N, Kalaichelvan PT (2012a) Effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Bacopa monnieri L. Wettst. plant growth metabolism. Process Biochem 47:651–658
Krishnaraj C, Ramachandran R, Mohan K, Kalaichelvan PT (2012b) Optimization for rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its effect on phytopathogenic fungi. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 93:95–99
Kumari M, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N (2009) Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Allium cepa. Sci Total Environ 407:5243–5246
Lamsal K, Kim SW, Jung JH, Kim YS, Kim KS, Lee YS (2011a) Application of silver nanoparticles for the control of Colletotrichum species in vitro and pepper anthracnose disease in field. Mycobiology 39(3):194–199
Lamsal K, Kim SW, Jung JH, Kim YS, Kim KS, Lee YS (2011b) Inhibition effects of silver nanoparticles against powdery mildews on cucumber and pumpkin. Mycobiology 39:26–32
Lee KJ, Park SH, Govarthanan M, Hwang PH, Seo YS, Cho M, Lee WH, Lee JY, Kamala-Kannan S, Oh BT (2013) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using cow milk and their antifungal activity against phytopathogens. Mater Lett 105:128–131
Lee W-M, Kwak JI, An Y-J (2012) Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor: media effect on phytotoxicity. Chemosphere 86:491–499
Lin S, Cheng Y, Bobcombe Y, Jones KL, Liu J, Wiesner MR (2011) Deposition of silver nanoparticles in geochemically heterogeneous porous media: predicting affinity from surface composition analysis. Environ Sci Technol 45:5209–5215
Liu J, He S, Zhang Z, Cao J, Lv P, He S, Cheng G, Joyce DC (2009) Nano-silver pulse treatments inhibit stem-end bacteria on cut gerbera cv. Ruikou flowers. Postharvest Biol Technol 54:59–62
Ma X, Geiser-Lee J, Deng Y, Kolmakov A (2010) Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation. Sci Total Environ 408:3053–3061
Mala R, Arunachalam P, Sivsankari M (2012) Synergistic bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles and ciprofloxacin against phytopathogens. J Cell Tissue Res 12:3249–3254
Mandal D, Bolander ME, Mukhopadhyay D, Sarkar G, Mukherjee P (2006) The use of microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69:485–492
Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EV (2010) A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanoparticle Res 12:1531–1551
Mazumdar H, Ahmed G (2011) Phytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa. Int J Chem Tech Res 3:1494–1500
Min JS, Kim KS, Kim SW, Jung JH, Lamsal K, Kim SB, Jung M, Lee YS (2009) Effects of colloidal silver nanoparticles on sclerotium-forming phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Pathol J 25:376–380
Mirzajani F, Askari H, Hamzelou S, Farzaneh M, Ghassempour A (2013) Effect of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa L. and its rhizosphere bacteria. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 88:48–54
Mishra S, Singh BR, Singh A, Keswani C, Naqvi AH, Singh HB (2014) Biofabricated silver nanoparticles act as a strong fungicide against Bipolaris sorokiniana causing spot blotch disease in wheat. PLoS One 9(5):e97881
Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Ramirez JT, Yacaman MJ (2005) The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 16:2346–2353
Mohanty A, Wu Y, Cao B (2014) Impacts of engineered nanomaterials on microbial community structure and function in natural and engineered ecosystems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:8457–8468
Moussa SH, Tayel AA, Alsohim AS, Abdallah RR (2013) Botryticidal activity of nanosized silver-chitosan composite and its application for the control of gray mold in strawberry. J Food Sci 78(10):M1589–M1594
Mueller NC, Nowack B (2008) Exposure modeling of engineered nanoparticles in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 42:4447–4453
NAAS (2013) Nanotechnology in agriculture: scope and current relevance. Policy paper no. 63. National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, p 20
Nair R, Varghese SH, Nair BG, Maekawa T, Yoshida Y, Kumar DS (2010) Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants. Plant Sci 179:154–163
Navarro E, Baun A, Behra R, Hartmann NB, Filser J, Miao AJ, Quigg A, Santschi PH, Sigg L (2008) Environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles to algae, plants, and fungi. Ecotoxicology 17:372–386
Oromieh AG (2011) Evaluating solubility, aggregation and sorption of nanosilver particles and silver ions in soils. Master’s Thesis in Environmental Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, Sweden
Park HJ, Kim SH, Kim SJ, Choi SH (2006) A new composition of nanosized silica-silver for control of various plant diseases. Plant Pathol J 22:295–302
Patlolla AK, Berry A, May LB, Tchounwou PB (2012) Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Vicia faba: a pilot study on the environmental monitoring of nanoparticles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9:1649–1662
Paulkumar K, Gnanajobitha G, Vanaja M, Rajeshkumar S, Malarkodi C, Pandian K, Annadurai G (2014). Piper nigrum leaf and stem assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against agricultural plant pathogens. The Scientific World Journal 2014: Article ID 829894, 9 pages
Qian H, Peng X, Han X, Ren J, Sun L, Fu Z (2013) Comparison of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ion on the growth of terrestrial plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. J Environ Sci 25:1947–1956
Rai M, Yadav A, Gade A (2009) Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv 27:76–83
Rhim JW, Hong SI, Park HM, Ng PK (2006) Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanocomposite films with antimicrobial activity. J Agric Food Chem 54:5814–5822
Rico CM, Majumdar S, Duarte-Gardea M, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2011) Interaction of nanoparticles with edible plants and their possible implications in the food chain. J Agric Food Chem 59:3485–3498
Salama HMH (2012) Effects of silver nanoparticles in some crop plants, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). Int Res J Biotechnol 3:190–197
Sastry M, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Kumar R (2003) Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete. Curr Sci 85:162–170
Sastry M, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Kumar R (2004) Microbial nanoparticle production. In: Niemeyer CM, Mirkin CA (eds) Nanobiotechnology. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 126–135
Shah V, Collins D, Walker VK, Shah S (2014) The impact of engineered cobalt, iron, nickel and silver nanoparticles on soil bacterial diversity under field conditions. Environ Res Lett 9:024001
Shahrokh S, Hosseinkhani B, Emtiazi G (2014) The impact of nano-silver on bacterial aerobic nitrate reductase. J Bioproc Biotechnol 4:162. doi:10.4172/2155-9821.1000162
Shahrokh S, Emtiazi G (2009) Toxicity and unusual biological behavior of nanosilver on gram positive and negative bacteria assayed by microtiter-plate. Eur J Biol Sci 1:28–31
Sharma P, Bhatt D, Zaidi MGH, Saradhi PP, Khanna PK, Arora S (2012) Silver nanoparticle-mediated enhancement in growth and antioxidant status of Brassica juncea. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167:2225–2233
Shin Y-J, Kwak JI, An Y-J (2012) Evidence for the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on the activities of soil exoenzymes. Chemosphere 88:524–529
Shoults-Wilson WA, Reinsch BC, Tsyusko OV, Bertsch PM, Lowry GV, Unrine JM (2011) Role of particle size and soil type in toxicity of silver nanoparticles to earthworms. Soils Sci Soc Am J 75:365–377
Stampoulis D, Sinha SK, White JC (2009) Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants. Environ Sci Technol 43:9473–9479
Thio BJR, Montes MO, Mahmoud MA, Lee DW, Zhou D, Keller AA (2012) Mobility of capped silver nanoparticles under environmentally relevant conditions. Environ Sci Technol 46:6985–6991
Throbäck IN, Johansson M, Rosenquist M, Pell M, Hansson M, Hallin S (2007) Silver (Ag+) reduces denitrification and induces enrichment of novel nirK genotypes in soil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 270:189–194
Tourinho PS, Van Gestel CA, Lofts S, Svendsen C, Soares AM, Loureiro S (2012) Metal-based nanoparticles in soil: fate, behavior, and effects on soil invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:1679–1692
VandeVoort AR, Arai Y (2012) Effect of silver nanoparticles on soil denitrification kinetics. Ind Biotechnol 8:358–364
VandeVoort AR, Arai Y, Sparks DL (2012) Environmental chemistry of silver in soils: current and historic persective. In: Advances in agronomy, vol 114. Elsevier Academic Press Inc., San Diego, pp 59–90
Vannini C, Domingoa G, Onellib E, Mattiac FD, Bruni I, Marsonia M, Bracale M (2014) Phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles exposure on germinating wheat seedlings. J Plant Physiol 171:1142–1148
Vannini C, Domingo G, Onelli E, Prinsi B, Marsoni M, Espen L, Bracale M (2013) Morphological and proteomic responses of Eruca sativa exposed to silver nanoparticles or silver nitrate. PLoS One 8(7):e68752
Velmurugan P, Lee SM, Iydroose M, Lee KJ, Oh BT (2013) Pine cone-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity against agricultural pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:361–368
Wang WN, Tarafdar JC, Biswas P (2013a) Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake. J Nanoparticle Res 15:1417
Wang J, Koo Y, Alexander A, Yang Y, Westerhof S, Zhang Q, Schnoor JL, Colvin VL, Braam J, Alvarez PJ (2013b) Phytostimulation of poplars and Arabidopsis exposed to silver nanoparticles and Ag+ at sublethal concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 47:5442–5449
Wirth SM, Lowry GV, Tilton RD (2012) Natural organic matter alters biofilm tolerance to silver nanoparticles and dissolved silver. Environ Sci Technol 46:12687–12696
Yang Y, Quensen J, Mathieu J, Wang Q, Wang J, Lia M, Tiedje JM, Alvarez PJJ (2014) Pyrosequencing reveals higher impact of silver nanoparticles than Ag+ on the microbial community structure of activated sludge. Water Res 48:317–325
Yang Y, Wang J, Xiu Z, Alvarez PJJ (2013) Impacts of silver nanoparticles on cellular and transcriptional activity of nitrogen-cycling bacteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 32:1488–1494
Yasur J, Rani P (2013) Environmental effects of nanosilver: impact on castor seed germination, seedling growth, and plant physiology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:8636–8648
Yin L, Colman BP, McGill BM, Wright JP, Bernhardt ES (2012) Effects of silver nanoparticle exposure on germination and early growth of eleven wetland plants. PLoS One 7(10):e47674
Zhang C, Liang Z, Hu Z (2014) Bacterial response to a continuous long-term exposure of silver nanoparticles at sub-ppm silver concentrations in a membrane bioreactor activated sludge system. Water Res 50:350–358
Acknowledgments
SM is thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India, for the grant of Dr. D. S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship [No. F.4-2/2006(BSR)/13-616/2012(BSR)]. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mishra, S., Singh, H.B. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles as a nanoweapon against phytopathogens: exploring their scope and potential in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99, 1097–1107 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6296-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6296-0