Abstract
The physiology of lipid production in Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680 with regard to the fatty acid composition of the accumulated lipids and their cellular distribution was analyzed. Cells were able to accumulate about ten to 30 lipid granules with diameters between 100 and 500 nm filling about 70–80% of the cell cytoplasm. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of total cellular lipids and from isolated triacylglycerols (TAG) confirmed a similar fatty acid composition with a large portion of iso- and anteiso-methyl-branched fatty acids. De novo biosynthesis of wax esters (WE) appeared only during cocultivation on glucose and hexadecanol as carbon source. Homology alignments with the wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT; AtfA) from Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1 yielded one open reading frame in the genome databases of S. avermitilis MA-4680 referred to as SAV7256 with 25.3% homology. The highly conserved HHAxxDG active site motif found in AtfA, which is present in SAV7256, as well as the similar hydrophobicity profiles of AtfA and SAV7256 indicate a similar structure and function of both proteins. High acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity (DGAT; 143 pmol (mg min)−1) but low wax ester synthase activity (WS; 1.3 pmol (mg min)−1) were detected in crude extracts of S. avermitilis, which were consistent with the high TAG and negligible WE content of the cells. This indicates that TAG accumulation in S. avermitilis MA-4680 is mediated by the classical acyl-CoA-dependent DGAT pathway. Heterologous expression experiments in recombinant Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) demonstrated both WS and DGAT enzyme activity of SAV7256. Furthermore, substrate specificities of the acyltransferase SAV7256 will be discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez HM, Mayer F, Fabritius D, Steinbüchel A (1996) Formation of lipid inclusions by Rhodococcus opacus strain PD630. Arch Microbiol 165:377–386
Alvarez FA, Alvarez HM, Kalscheuer R, Wältermann M, Steinbüchel A (2008) Cloning and characterization of a gene involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and identification of additional homologous genes in the oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus PD630. Microbiology 154:2327–2335
Arabolaza A, Rodriguez E, Altabe S, Alvarez H, Gramajo H (2008) Multiple pathways for triacylglycerol biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:2573–2582
Bentley SD, Chater KF, Cerdeño-Tárraga AM, Challis GL, Thomson NR, James KD, Harris DE, Quail MA, Kieser H, Harper D, Bateman A, Brown S, Chandra G, Chen CW, Collins M, Cronin A, Fraser A, Goble A, Hidalgo J, Hornsby T, Howarth S, Huang CH, Kieser T, Larke L, Murphy L, Oliver K, O’Neil S, Rabbinowitsch E, Rajandream MA, Rutherford K, Rutter S, Seeger K, Saunders D, Sharp S, Squares R, Squares S, Taylor K, Warren T, Wietzorrek A, Woodward J, Barrell BG, Parkhill J, Hopwood DA (2002) Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Nature 417:141–147
Birnboim HC, Doly J (1979) A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 7:1513–1523
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Cases S, Smith SJ, Zheng YW, Myers HM, Lear SR, Sande E, Novak S, Collins C, Welch CB, Lusis AJ, Ericson SK, Farese RV Jr (1998) Identification of a gene encoding an acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a key enzyme in triacylglycerol synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13018–13023
Cases S, Stone SJ, Zhou P, Yen E, Tow B, Lardizabal KD, Voelker T, Farese RV Jr (2001) Cloning of DGAT2, a second mammalian diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and related family members. J Biol Chem 276:38870–38876
Cropp TA, Smogowicz AA, Hafner EW, Denoya CD, McArthur AI, Reynolds KA (2000) Fatty-acid biosynthesis in a branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase mutant of Streptomyces avermitilis. Can J Microbiol 46:506–514
Dahlqvist A, Ståhl U, Lenman M, Banas A, Lee M, Sandager L, Ronne H, Stymne S (2000) Phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the acyl-CoA-independent formation of triacylglycerol in yeast and plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:6487–6492
Daniel J, Deb C, Dubey VS, Sirakova TD, Abomoelak B, Morbidoni HR, Kolattukudy PE (2004) Induction of a novel class of diacylglycerol acyltransferase and triacylglycerol accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as it goes into a dormancy-like state in culture. J Bacteriol 186:5017–5030
Fulco AJ (1983) Fatty acid metabolism in bacteria. Prog Lipid Res 22:133–160
Hall T (1998) BioEdit. Biological sequence alignment editor for Windows. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Hanahan D (1983) Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J Mol Biol 166:557–580
Hobbs G, Frazer CM, Gardner DCJ, Cullum JA, Oliver SG (1989) Dispersed growth of Streptomyces in liquid culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 31:272–277
Hopwood DA, Kieser T, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ, Chater KF (2000) Practical Streptomyces genetics. The John Innes Foundation, Norwich
Ikeda H, Nonomiya T, Usami M, Ohta T, Ōmura S (1999) Organization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide anthelmintic macrolide avermectin in Streptomyces avermitilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:9509–9514
Ikeda H, Ishikawa J, Hanamoto A, Shinose M, Kikuchi H, Shiba T, Sakaki Y, Hattori M, Ōmura S (2003) Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis. Nat Biotechnol 21:526–531
Ishige T, Tani A, Takabe K, Kawasaki K, Sakai Y, Kato N (2002) Wax ester production from n-alkanes by Acinetobacter sp. strain M-1: ultrastructure of cellular inclusions and role of acyl coenzyme A reductase. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1192–1195
Kalscheuer R, Steinbüchel A (2003) A novel bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase mediates wax ester and triacylglycerol biosynthesis in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ADP1. J Biol Chem 278:8075–8082
Kalscheuer R, Wältermann M, Alvarez HM, Steinbüchel A (2001) Preparative isolation of lipid inclusion bodies from Rhodococcus opacus and Rhodococcus ruber and identification of granule-associated proteins. Arch Microbiol 177:20–28
Kalscheuer R, Uthoff S, Luftmann H, Steinbüchel A (2003) In vitro and in vivo biosynthesis of wax diesters by an unspecific bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ADP1. Eur J Lip Sci Technol 105:578–584
Kalscheuer R, Luftmann H, Steinbüchel A (2004) Synthesis of novel lipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by heterologous expression of an unspecific bacterial acyltransferase. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:7119–7125
Kalscheuer R, Stöveken T, Malkus U, Reichelt R, Golyshin PN, Sabirova JS, Ferrer M, Timmis KN, Steinbüchel A (2007) Analysis of storage lipid accumulation in Alcanivorax borkumensis: evidence for alternative triacylglycerol biosynthesis routes in bacteria. J Bacteriol 189:918–928
Kyte J, Doolittle RF (1982) A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J Mol Biol 157:105–132
Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685
MacNeil DJ, Gewain KM, Ruby CL, Dezeny G, Gibbons PH, MacNeil T (1992) Analysis of Streptomyces avermitilis genes required for avermectin biosynthesis utilizing a novel integration vector. Gene 111:61–68
Marmur J (1961) A procedure for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from microorganisms. J Mol Biol 3:208–218
Novák J, Řezanka T, Koza T, Vanĕk Z (1990) Biosynthesis of avermectins and lipids in Streptomyces avermitilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 70:291–294
Okanishi M, Suzuki K, Umezawa H (1974) Formation and reversion of streptomycete protoplasts: cultural conditions and morphological study. J Gen Microbiol 80:389–400
Olukoshi ER, Packter NM (1994) Importance of stored triacylglycerols in Streptomyces: possible carbon source for antibiotics. Microbiology 140:931–943
Packter NM, Olukoshi ER (1995) Ultrastructural studies of neutral lipid localisation in Streptomyces. Arch Microbiol 164:420–427
Reiser S, Somerville C (1997) Isolation of mutants of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus deficient in wax ester synthesis and complementation of one mutation with a gene encoding a fatty acyl coenzyme A reductase. J Bacteriol 179:2969–2975
Rose K, Steinbüchel A (2002) Construction and intergeneric conjugative transfer of a pSG5-based cosmid vector from Escherichia coli to the polyisoprene rubber degrading strain Micromonospora aurantiaca W2b. FEMS Microbiol Lett 211:129–132
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edn. New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York
Schlegel HG, Kaltwasser H, Gottschalk G (1961) Ein Submersverfahren zur Kultur wasserstoffoxidierender Bakterien: Wachstumsphysiologische Untersuchungen. Arch Mikrobiol 38:209–222
Shim MS, Kim WS, Kim JH (1997) Neutral lipids and lipase activity for actinorhodin biosynthesis of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Biotechnol Lett 19:221–223
Sia EA, Kuehner DM, Figurski DH (1996) Mechanism of retrotransfer in conjugation: prior transfer of the conjugative plasmid is required. J Bacteriol 178:1457–1464
Spiekermann P, Rehm BHA, Kalscheuer R, Baumeister D, Steinbüchel A (1999) A sensitive, viable colony staining method using Nil Red for direct screening of bacteria that accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoic acids and other lipid storage compounds. Arch Microbiol 171:73–78
Steinbüchel A (1996) PHB and other polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. In: Rehm HJ, Reed G, Pühler A, Stadler P (eds) Biotechnology, vol 6, 2nd edn. Wiley VCH, Heidelberg, pp 403–464
Stöveken T, Steinbüchel A (2008) Bacterial acyltransferases as an alternative for lipase-catalyzed acylation for the production of eleochemicals and fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 47:3688–3694
Stöveken T, Kalscheuer R, Malkus U, Reichelt R, Steinbüchel A (2005) The wax ester synthase/acyl coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase from Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1: characterization of a novel type of acyltransferase. J Bacteriol 187:1369–1376
Stöveken T, Kalscheuer R, Steinbüchel A (2009) Both histidine residues of the conserved HHXXXDG motif are essential for wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase catalysis. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 111:112–119
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680
Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J (1979) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheet: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76:4350–4354
Uthoff S, Stöveken T, Weber N, Vosmann K, Klein E, Kalscheuer R, Steinbüchel A (2005) Thio wax ester biosynthesis utilizing the unspecific bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase of Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:790–796
Wältermann M, Steinbüchel A (2005) Neutral lipid-bodies in prokaryotes: recent insights into structure, formation and relationships to eukaryotic lipid depots. J Bacteriol 187:3607–3619
Wältermann M, Stöveken T, Steinbüchel A (2007) Key enzymes for biosynthesis of neutral lipid storage compounds in prokaryotes: properties, function and occurrence of wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases. Biochimie 89:230–242
Weber K, Osborn M (1969) The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 244:4406–4412
Yoon YJ, Kim ES, Hwang YS, Choi CY (2004) Avermectin: biochemical and molecular basis of its biosynthesis and regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:626–634
Yu D, Ellis HM, Lee E, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Court DL (2000) An efficient recombination system for chromosome engineering in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:5978–5983
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Jutta Malkus and Rudolf Reichelt (Institut für Medizinische Physik, Münster) for expert electron microscopic preparations and for developing the TEM micrographs and R. M. Kroppenstedt (DSMZ Braunschweig) for performing GC analyses of some lipid samples. Provision of antibodies against AtfA of A. baylyi strain ADP1 by Tim Stöveken is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Chlud Kaddor and Karolin Biermann contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaddor, C., Biermann, K., Kalscheuer, R. et al. Analysis of neutral lipid biosynthesis in Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680 and characterization of an acyltransferase involved herein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 84, 143–155 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2018-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2018-4