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Microbial Diversity in Sediments of Saline Qinghai Lake, China: Linking Geochemical Controls to Microbial Ecology

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Abstract

Saline lakes at high altitudes represent an important and extreme microbial ecosystem, yet little is known about microbial diversity in such environments. The objective of this study was to examine the change of microbial diversity from the bottom of the lake to sediments of 40 cm in depth in a core from Qinghai Lake. The lake is saline (12.5 g/L salinity) and alkaline (pH 9.4) and is located on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau at an altitude of 3196 m above sea level. Pore water chemistry of the core revealed low concentrations of sulfate and iron (<1 mM), but high concentrations of acetate (40–70 mM) and dissolved organic carbon (1596–5443 mg/L). Total organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in the sediments were ∼2 and <0.5%, respectively. Acridine orange direct count data indicated that cell numbers decreased from 4 × 109 cells/g at the water–sediment interface to 6× 107 cells/g wet sediment at the 40-cm depth. This change in biomass was positively correlated with acetate concentration in pore water. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) community structure analyses determined decrease in the proportion of the Proteobacteria and increase in the Firmicutes with increased depth. Characterization of small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes amplified from the sediments indicated a shift in the bacterial community with depth. Whereas the α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria and the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides (CFB) were dominant at the water–sediment interface, low G + C gram-positive bacteria (a subgroup of Firmicutes) became the predominant group in the anoxic sediments. Both PLFA and the sequence data showed similar trend. The Proteobacteria, CFB, and gram-positive bacteria are present in other saline lakes, but thepresence of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria/Holophaga in significant proportions in the Qinghai Lake sediments appears to be unique. The archaeal diversity was much lower, and clone sequences could be grouped inthe Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota domains. The archaeal clones were not related to any known cultures but to sequences previously found in methane-rich sediments. Acetate-utilizing methanogens were isolated from sediment incubations, and α- and γ-proteobacterial isolates were obtained from a water sample from the lakebottom (23 m). Our data collectively showed that the observed diversity and shift in the community structure with depth was correlated with geochemical parameters (the redox state and availability of electron acceptor and donor). Heterotrophic methanogenesis is possibly adominant metabolic process in the Qinghai Lake sediments. These results reinforce the importance of geochemical controls on microbial ecology in saline and alkaline lake environments.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant EAR-0345307 and National Science Foundation of China grant 40228004 to HD. C.R. Lucas was supported by an undergraduate research grant from Miami University. We are grateful to W. Green for his help in the field sampling equipments, Dong Chen for doing DOC analysis, and John Morton for his help in cation and anion analyses. We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers for substantially improving the quality of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA

    Hailiang Dong, Gengxin Zhang & Hongchen Jiang

  2. School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China

    Bingsong Yu

  3. Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA

    Leah R. Chapman, Courtney R. Lucas & Matthew W. Fields

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  1. Hailiang Dong
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  2. Gengxin Zhang
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Correspondence to Hailiang Dong.

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Dong, H., Zhang, G., Jiang, H. et al. Microbial Diversity in Sediments of Saline Qinghai Lake, China: Linking Geochemical Controls to Microbial Ecology. Microb Ecol 51, 65–82 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-005-0228-6

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