Abstract
Diet in fish is influenced by multiple factors including nutritional requirements, trophic morphology and spatial and temporal variation in resource availability. We examined spatial variation in trophic resources on substrata grazed by scarinine parrotfishes by combining quantitative microhistology with 16S and 18S small subunit rRNA barcoding of feeding substrata in six parrotfish species on outer-shelf reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We then compared four of these taxa with conspecific data from mid-shelf reefs differing in incident wave energy, parrotfish assemblage structure and benthic cover of hard corals, crustose coralline algae (CCA) and macroalgae. The dominant biota on outer-shelf feeding substrata in terms of both surface coverage and frequency of occurrence were filamentous cyanobacteria. The density of filamentous cyanobacteria on outer-shelf feeding substrata as measured by microscope did not differ either among the six parrotfish species or within-species cross-shelf. Endolithic and epilithic filamentous cyanobacteria from the order Nostocales were the most frequently observed filamentous cyanobacteria, suggesting that these represent a key feeding target for these parrotfishes. In addition to filamentous Nostocales cyanobacteria, taxa that were consistently present on both mid-shelf and outer-shelf feeding substrata were the euendolithic micro-chlorophytes Ostreobium and Phaeophila, diatoms, fungi, CCA, Peyssonnelia, dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, the sponge taxa Clionaida and Poecilosclerida and the filamentous algae Sphacelaria and Polysiphonia. Our results reveal key nutritional drivers underlying feeding by parrotfish on carbonate reefs and provide further support for the hypothesis that microscopic photoautotrophs are a major dietary target for grazing parrotfishes.
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Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary material. Raw data are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
Change history
15 September 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04297-y
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank: Anne Hoggett and Lyle Vail at the Lizard Island Research Station, Paul Kench for help developing our coring technique and advice on coral reef taphonomy, Adrian Turner for assistance with microscopy and Howard Choat for ongoing support. Great thanks to Judy Sutherland and Wendy Nelson for advice on DNA extraction techniques for crustose coralline algae. Also thanks to Alessandro Pisaniello for practical guidance on DNA extraction.We acknowledge the use of New Zealand eScience Infrastructure (NeSI) high performance computing facilities.
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Funding was provided by the University of Auckland School of Biological Sciences Performance Based Research Fund and University of Auckland Doctoral Scholarship.
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Both authors contributed to the study conception and design. GMN carried out the data collection and analysis and led the writing of the manuscript. KDC critically reviewed the versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Reef sampling was conducted under the Lizard Island Research Permit Granted by Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA; Permit no. G14/36625.1). Fish were observed in their natural habitat and no fish were killed or injured during data collection for this study.
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The original online version of this article was revised: In this article Fig. 1 was wrongly appeared. It has been corrected.
Supplementary Information
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Supplementary file 1: Supplemental Fig. S1 Map of outer-shelf reef sites (Day and Hicks Reefs), adjacent to Lizard Island, Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, showing locations where the 120 bite cores from the six parrotfish species were extracted from the reef.
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Supplementary file 2: Supplemental Fig. S2 Examples of in situ bite site photographs from Day and Hicks Reefs, showing bite marks (Photos KDC). Photographs were taken immediately after each bite was observed, prior to bite core extraction.
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Supplementary file 4: Supplemental Fig. S5 Microscope photographs of Calothrix (Nostocales) from S. globiceps outer-shelf bite cores to highlight the presence of these cyanobacteria on S. globiceps cores, despite non-detection by 16S NGS molecular sequencing. Numbers represent S. globiceps outer-shelf core numbers.
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Supplementary file 5: Supplemental Fig. S5 Microscope photographs of Calothrix (Nostocales) from S. globiceps outer-shelf bite cores to highlight the presence of these cyanobacteria on S. globiceps cores, despite non-detection by 16S NGS molecular sequencing. Numbers represent S. globiceps outer-shelf core numbers.
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Supplementary file 6: Supplemental Fig. S6 Maximum-likelihood tree of bite core crustose coralline algae (CCA) ASVs from the 18S sequencing and reference sequences from SILVA 138. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with FASTTREE alignment and generated with iTOL. Clade support (bootstrap) values are shown with a black triangle. Coloured shaded circles show the presence of each ASV on the bite core sample for the six parrotfish species.
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Supplementary file 7: Supplemental Fig. S7 Ce. ocellatus feeding on a massive Porites at Mermaid Cove, Lizard Island, 2018 (pers obs. KDC).
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Supplementary file 8: Supplemental Table S1 Summary statistics from sequencing, including 3 letter code for the six parrotfish species.
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Supplementary file 9: Supplemental Table S2 Means and standard errors of percentage surface cover for all epilithic bite core biota as determined by CPCe on the outer-shelf.
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Supplementary file 10: Supplemental Table S3 Principal component analysis (PCA) on the bite core parameters Loadings over 0.3 and below -0.3 in BOLD. Percent of total variance for each principal component shown.
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Nicholson, G.M., Clements, K.D. Fine-scale analysis of substrata grazed by parrotfishes (Labridae:Scarini) on the outer-shelf of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar Biol 170, 121 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04277-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04277-2