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Comparison of the statolith structures of Chironex fleckeri (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) and Periphylla periphylla (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa): a phylogenetic approach

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Abstract

The rhopalia and statocysts of Periphylla periphylla (Péron and Lesueur in Ann Mus Hist Nat Marseille 14:316–366,1809) and Chironex fleckeri Southcott (Aust J Mar Freshw Res 7(2):254–280 1956) were examined histologically and showed several homologous characteristics. Differences in sensory area distribution could be connected to a slightly different functionality of equilibrium sensing. In P. periphylla, the statoliths (crystals) grow independently of each other; whereas in C. fleckeri, one large crystal covers the smaller ones. The structures of both statoliths were examined in detail with single-crystal diffraction, microtomography and diffraction contrast tomography. The single compact statolith of C. fleckeri consisted of bassanite as was previously known only for other rhopaliophoran medusae. An origin area with several small oligocrystals was located in the centre of the cubozoan statolith. The origin areas and the accretion of statoliths are similar in both species. Our results lead to the assumption that the single bassanite statolith of C. fleckeri (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) is a progression of the scyphozoan multiplex statolith. It is therefore suggested that the Cubozoa are derived from a scyphozoan ancestor and are a highly developed taxa within the Rhopaliophora.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to HASYLAB at DESY, Hamburg and ANKA, Karlsruhe as well as the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble (France) for generous allocation of beamtime. For technical assistance and reconstruction of the microtomography scans at DESY, we thank Felix Beckmann and Julia Herzen. Paulina Kämpfe and Henning Urch we thank for assistance during image recording at DESY. For assistance in specimen collection, we thank Jamie Seymour of TASRU (JCU) and grants from the Lions Foundation, National Geographic, Australian Geographic, Cairns City Council, Cardwell City Council, Smart State QLD, JCUPRS & GRS and Rio Tinto.

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  1. Biocenter Grindel and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    I. Sötje & H. Tiemann

  2. Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Essen, Universitaetsstraße 5-7, 45117, Essen, Germany

    F. Neues, M. Epple & R. Boese

  3. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France

    W. Ludwig & A. Rack

  4. Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, 20, Avenue Albert Einstein, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France

    W. Ludwig

  5. School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia

    M. Gordon

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Sötje, I., Neues, F., Epple, M. et al. Comparison of the statolith structures of Chironex fleckeri (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) and Periphylla periphylla (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa): a phylogenetic approach. Mar Biol 158, 1149–1161 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1637-3

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