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Premature responses in the five-choice serial reaction time task reflect rodents’ temporal strategies: evidence from no-light and pharmacological challenges

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Abstract

Rationale

The five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is regularly used to study attention and impulsivity. In the 5-CSRTT, rodents initiate a trial, then after an inter-trial interval (ITI), a light appears in one of five holes. Responding in the lit vs. unlit hole reflects attention (accuracy), while responding prematurely before a light appears is suggested to reflect impulsivity/response disinhibition. Comparison of rat and mouse 5-CSRTT performance has raised questions on the validity of premature responses as measuring impulsivity/response inhibition. To minimize effort, rodents may use a temporal strategy, enabling their “timing” of the ITI, minimizing the need to attend during this delay. Greater reliance on this strategy could result in premature responses due to “guesses” if their timing was poor/altered.

Objectives

To assess the degree to which rats and/or mice utilize a temporal strategy, we challenged performance using infrequent no-light trials during 5-CSRTT performance.

Results

Even when no light appeared when one was expected, rats responded ~60 % compared to ~40 % in mice, indicating a greater reliance on a temporal strategy by rats than by mice. Consistent with this hypothesis, rats made more premature responses than mice. Additional studies using a temporal discrimination task and a 5-CSRTT variant demonstrated that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient in cannabis, slowed temporal perception and reduced premature responses.

Conclusions

These data provide behavioral and pharmacological evidence indicating that premature responses are heavily influenced by temporal perception. Hence, they may reflect an aspect of waiting impulsivity, but not response disinhibition, an important distinction for translational clinical research.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. Richard Sharp for his input and support. This work was supported by NIH grants R01-MH104344, R01-MH059803, K01-MH100644, and the Veteran’s Administration VISN 22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA

    Zackary A. Cope, Adam L. Halberstadt, Jordy van Enkhuizen, Aaron D. Flynn, Michelle Breier, Neal R. Swerdlow, Mark A. Geyer & Jared W. Young

  2. Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA

    Adam L. Halberstadt, Mark A. Geyer & Jared W. Young

  3. Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Jordy van Enkhuizen

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  1. Zackary A. Cope
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Correspondence to Jared W. Young.

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All procedures were approved by the UCSD Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in accordance with National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines.

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Cope, Z.A., Halberstadt, A.L., van Enkhuizen, J. et al. Premature responses in the five-choice serial reaction time task reflect rodents’ temporal strategies: evidence from no-light and pharmacological challenges. Psychopharmacology 233, 3513–3525 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4389-4

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