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Genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of engineered nanoparticles: an update

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Abstract

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have seen an exponential growth over the past decade largely due to the unique properties of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), advances in ENP synthesis, and imaging or analysis tools. The unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, abundant reactive sites on the surface, large fraction of atoms located on the exterior face have made these novel materials the most sought after for consumer and industrial applications. This significant increase in the ENP containing consumer products has also enhanced the chances of human and environmental exposure. Humans get exposed to ENPs at various steps of its synthesis (laboratory), manufacture (industry), use (consumer products, devices, medicines, etc.) and through the environment (contaminated water, aerosolized particles, and disposal). Such exposures to ENPs are known to induce genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and carcinogenicity in biological system. This is attributed to several factors, such as direct interaction of ENPs with the genetic material, indirect damage due to reactive oxygen species generation, release of toxic ions from soluble ENPs, interaction with cytoplasmic/nuclear proteins, binding with mitotic spindle or its components, increased oxidative stress, disturbance of cell cycle checkpoint functions, inhibition of antioxidant defense, and many others. The present review describes an overview of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies with ENPs, advantages and potential problems associated with the methods used in genotoxicity assessment, and the need for appropriate method and approach for risk assessment of ENPs.

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Acknowledgments

Funding received from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (NanoSHE;BSC-0112); the UK India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) standard award to Institute of Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, India (Grant No. IND/CONT/E/11-12/217) and from the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India under the NewINDIGO Scheme for NanoLINEN project is gratefully acknowledged. Funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No. 263147 (NanoValid—Development of reference methods for hazard identification, risk assessment and LCA of engineered nanomaterials) is also acknowledged. The financial assistance for the Centre for Nanotechnology Research and Applications (CENTRA) by The Gujarat Institute for Chemical Technology (GICT) is also acknowledged.

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  1. Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, Opposite University Bus Stand, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India

    Ashutosh Kumar & Alok Dhawan

  2. Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box 80, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Alok Dhawan

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  1. Ashutosh Kumar
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Correspondence to Ashutosh Kumar.

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Kumar, A., Dhawan, A. Genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of engineered nanoparticles: an update. Arch Toxicol 87, 1883–1900 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-013-1128-z

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