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Energy flow and power phenomena in electrical circuits: illusions and reality

Energiefluß- und Leistungs-Phänomene in elektrischen Schaltungen – Illusionen und Wirklichkeit

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 Common opinions respective to the nature of the reactive power, energy flow and oscillations, as well as the notion of the apparent power in single- and in three-phase systems are discussed in this paper. It is shown that some interpretations of powers and energy flow in linear, single-phase circuits are often generalized for more complex situations where these interpretations are not longer valid. Consequently, power phenomena in electrical systems are often misinterpreted. This relates to the reactive power which occurs in three-phase systems without energy oscillation between the supply source and the load, as well as it occurs in time-variant systems without energy storage capability. Also, it was demonstrated in the paper that the arithmetic and geometric apparent powers, commonly used in three-phase systems, do not characterize the supply loading correctly when the load is unbalanced.

Übersicht

 In dem Beitrag werden allgemeine Ansichten über die Natur von Blindleistung, Energiefluß und Schwingungen sowie der Bergriff der Scheinleistung in einphasigen und dreiphasigen Systemen diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß einige Interpretationen der Leistung und des Energieflusses in linearen einphasigen Schaltungen oft für komplexere Fälle verallgemeinert werden, wo diese nicht mehr gelten. Folglich werden Leistungs-Phänomene in elektrischen Systemen häufig falsch interpretiert. Dies bezieht sich auf die Blindleistung in dreiphasigen Systemen ohne Energieschwingungen zwischen der speisenden Quelle und der Last sowie auf auf zeitvariante Systemen ohne Energiespeicher. Es wird auch gezeight, daß die gewöhnlich in dreiphasigen Systemen verwendete arithmetische und geometrische Scheinleistung bei Schieflast die Belastung der Quelle nicht richtig wiedergibt.

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Received: 14 June 1999

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Czarnecki, L. Energy flow and power phenomena in electrical circuits: illusions and reality. Electrical Engineering 82, 119–126 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002020050002

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002020050002

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