Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Investigation of electrochemical reduction effects on graphene oxide powders for high-performance supercapacitors

  • Application
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the electrochemical reduction effects on graphene oxide (GO) powders with various bias voltages and treatment times. Phosphate-buffered saline solution was used as the electrolyte in the electrochemical reduction process. The experimental results showed that the GO powders were reduced to produce the best reduced GO (rGO) powders as using a bias of −17.5 V for 2 h. After the analysis of Raman spectra for GO and rGO powders, the intensity ratios of the D and G bands increased from 0.85 to 1.08, respectively. The carbon to oxygen ratios increased from 0.4 to 1.79 measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, the electrical conductivity obviously increased from 7.92 × 10−4 to 4.16 × 10−1 S/cm. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the disappearance of oxygen-containing functional groups in rGO powders. According to the cyclic voltammetry analysis, the specific capacitance of the rGO powders could reach 183 F/g at the scan rate of 100 mV/S in 1 M KCl electrolyte solution. This specific capacitance value was 16 times higher than that obtained with the GO powders. The results indicated that the produced high-quality rGO powders could be used for high-performance supercapacitors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wang Y, Shi Z, Huang Y, Ma Y, Wang C, Chen M, Chen Y (2009) Supercapitor devices based on graphene materials. J Phys Chem C 113:13103–13107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Iqbal MF, Ashiq MN, Hassan M-U, Nawaz R, Masood A, Razaq A (2018) Excellent electrochemical behavior of graphene oxide based aluminum sulfide nanowalls for supercapacitor applications. Energy 159:151–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Yanik MO, Yigit EA, Akansu YE, Sahmetlioglu E (2017) Magnetic conductive polymer-graphene nanocomposites based supercapacitors for energy storage. Energy 138:883–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Khalaj M, Sedghi A, Miankushki HN, Golkhatmi SZ (2019) Synthesis of novel graphene/Co3O4/polypyrrole ternary nanocomposites as electrochemically enhanced supercapacitor electrodes. Energy 188:116088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kumar R, Joanni E, Savu R, Pereira MS, Singh RK, Constantino CJL, Kubota LT, Matsuda A, Moshkalev SA (2019) Fabrication and electrochemical evaluation of micro supercapacitors prepared by direct laser writing on free-standing graphite oxide paper. Energy 179:676–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Li X, Zhu H, Wang K, Cao A, Wei J, Li C, Jia Y, Li Z, Li X, Wu D (2010) Graphene-on-silicon schottky junction solar cells. Adv Mater 22:2743–2748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Yue G, Wu J, Xiao Y, Lin J, Huang M, Lan Z, Fan L (2013) Functionalized graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate as counter electrode catalyst for dye-sensitized solar cells. Energy 54:315–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Pei S, Cheng HM (2012) The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 50:3210–3228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Luo D, Zhang G, Liu J, Sun X (2011) Evaluation criteria for reduced graphene oxide. J Phys Chem C 115:11327–11335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kang S, Zhuang J, Kang S, Peng Y, Guan S (2019) Synthesis of high-quality graphene with enhanced electrochemical properties by two-step reduction method. Ceram Int 45(18):23954–23965

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ismail Z (2019) Green reduction of graphene oxide by plant extracts: A short review. Ceram Int 45(18):23857–23868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ma Q, Song J, Jin C, Li Z, Liu J, Meng S, Zhao J, Guo Y (2013) A rapid and easy approach for the reduction of graphene oxide by formamidinesulfinic acid. Carbon 54:36–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Song NJ, Chen CM, Lu C, Liu Z, Kong QQ, Cai R (2014) Thermally reduced graphene oxide films as flexible lateral heat spreaders. J Mater Chem A 2:16563–16568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang P, Shen Y, Wu W, Li J, Zhou Z (2018) Enhanced photocatalytic performance of KNbO3(100)/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites investigated using first-principles calculations: RGO reductivity effect. Appl Surf Sci 434:932–939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Low CTJ, Walsh FC, Chakrabarti MH, Hashim MA, Hussain MA (2013) Electrochemical approaches to the production of graphene flakes and their potential applications. Carbon 54:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Inamdar AI, Jo Y, Kim J, Han J, Pawar SM, Kalubarme RS, Park CJ, Hong JP, Park YS, Jung W, Kim H, Im H (2015) Synthesis and enhanced electrochemical supercapacitive properties of manganese oxide nanoflake electrodes. Energy 83:532–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu S, Wang J, Zeng J, Ou J, Li Z, Liu X, Yang S (2010) Green electrochemical synthesis of Pt/ graphene sheet nanocomposite film and its electrocatalytic property. J Power Sources 195:4628–4633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhou M, Wang Y, Zhai Y, Zhai J, Ren W, Wang F, Dong S (2009) Controlled synthesis of large-area and patterned electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films. Chem Eur J 15:6116–6120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Guo HL, Wang XF, Qian QY, Wang FB, Xia XH (2009) A green approach to the synthesis of graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano 3:2653–2659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ramachandran R, Felix S, Joshi GM, Raghupathy BPC, Jeong SK, Grace AN (2013) Synthesis of graphene platelets by chemical and electrochemical route. Mater Res Bull 48:3834–3842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang M, Duong LD, Oh JS, Mai NT, Kim S, Hong S, Hwang T, Lee Y, Nam JD (2014) Large-area conductive and flexible reduced graphene oxide (RGO) membrane fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:1747–1753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lin DC, Liu YY, Lee HW, Sun J, Wang HT, Yan K, Xie J, Cui Y (2016) Layered reduced graphene oxide with nanoscale interlayer gaps as a stable host or lithium metal anodes. Nat Nanotechnol 11:626–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. XSabina D, Roksana M, Agnieszka S, Tadeusz P, Michalina KM, Maciej S (2016) Studies of reduced graphene oxide and graphite oxide in the aspect of their possible application in gas sensors. Sensors 16:103–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Beatiriz MG, Yu B, Mirko P, Davide S, Roman K, Gerasimos K, Iwan M (2018) Reduction of moisture sensitivity of PbS quantum dot solar cells by incorporation of reduced graphene oxide. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 183:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mani V, Devadas B, Chen SM (2013) Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase at electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid material modified electrode for glucose biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 41:309–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jeon JW, Kwon SR, Lutkenhaus JL (2015) Polyaniline nanofiber/ electrochemically reduced graphene oxide layer-by-layer electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. J Mater Chem A 3:3757–3767

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Liu X, Qi X, Zhang Z, Ren L, Hao G, Liu Y, Wang Y, Huang K, Wei X, Huang Z, Zhong J (2014) Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide with porous structure as binder-free electrode for high-rate supercapacitors. RSC Adv 4:13673–13679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Aized T, Khan MB, Raza H, Ilyas M (2017) Production routes, electromechanical properties and potential application of layered nanomaterials and 2D nanopolymeric composites–a review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 93:3449–3459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Li M, Liu J, Zhang X, Tian Y, Jiang K (2018) Fabrication of graphene/ nickel composite microcomponents using electroforming. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 96:3191–3196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hanif M, Wasim A, Shah AH, Noor S, Sajid M, Mujtaba N (2019) Optimization of process parameters using grpahene-based dielectric in electric discharge machining of AISI D2 steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103:3735–3749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wang X, Yi S, Guo H, Li CJ, Ding SL (2020) Erosion characteristics of electrical discharge machining using graphene powder in deionized water as dielectric. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 108:357–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Purkait T, Singh G, Kuamr D, Singh M, Dey RS (2018) High-performance flexible supercapacitors based on electrochemically tailored three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide networks. Sci Rep 8:640–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Hqaque AMJ, Park H, Sung D, Jon S, Choi SY, Kim K (2012) An electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-based electrochemical immunosensing platform for ultrasensitive antigen detection. Anal Chem 84:1871–1878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Khan MMI, Haque AMJ, Kim K (2013) Electrochemical determination of uric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem 700:54–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ghanashyam G, Jeong HK (2018) Thermally reduced graphite oxide-titanium dioxide composites for supercapacitors. Chem Phys Lett 706:421–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ramadoss A, Saravanakumar B, Kim SJ (2015) Thermally reduced graphene oxide-coated fabrics for flexible supercapacitors and self-powered systems. Nano Energy 15:587–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhao B, Liu P, Jiang Y, Pan D, Tao H, Song J, Fang T, Xu W (2012) Supercapacitor performances of thermally reduced graphene oxide. J Power Sources 198:423–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang K, Mao L, Zhang LL, Chan HSO, Zhao XS, Wu J (2011) Surfactant-intercalated, chemically reduced graphene oxide for high performance supercapacitor electrodes. J Mater Chem 21:7302–7307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Fang Z, Zhao Q, Li T, Yan J, Ren Y, Feng J, Wei T (2012) Easy synthesis of porous graphene nanosheets and their use in supercapacitors. Carbon 50:1699–1712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Peng XY, Liu XX, Diamond D, Lau KT (2011) Synthesis of electrochemically-reduced graphene oxide film with controllable size and thickness and its use in supercapacitor. Carbon 49:3488–3496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Yang J, Gunasekaran S (2013) Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide sheets for use in high performance supercapacitors. Carbon 51:36–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Yang Q, Pang SK, Yung KC (2016) Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes composites as binder-free supercapacitor electrodes. J Power Sources 311:144–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hung YF, Cheng C, Huang CK, Yang CR (2018) A facile method for batch preparation of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide. Nanomaterials 9:376–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Bruzzone AAA, Costa HL, Lonardo PM, Lucca DA (2008) Advances in engineered surfaces for functional performance. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 57:750–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ribeiro FSF, Lopes JC, Bianchi EC, Sanchez LE (2020) Applications of texturization techniques on cutting tools —a survey. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 109:1117–1135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Koshy P, Tovey J (2011) Performance of electrical discharge textured cutting tools. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 60:153–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Escudero ML, Llorente I, Pérez-Maceda BT, José-Pinilla SS, Sánchez-López L, Lozano RM, Aguado-Henche S, Clemente de Arriba C, Alobera-Gracia MA, García-Alonso MC (2020) Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide on CoCr biomedical alloy: Characterization, macrophage biocompatibility and hemocompatibility in rats with graphene and graphene oxide. Mater Sci Eng C 109:110522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hong BJ, Compton OC, An Z, Eryazici I, Nguyen ST (2012) Successful stabilization of graphene oxide in electrolyte solutions: enhancement of biofunctionalization and cellular uptake. ACS Nano 6:63–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Rahman JU, Du NV, Nam WH, Shin WH, Lee KH, Seo W-S, Kim MH, Lee S (2019) Grain boundary interfaces controlled by reduced graphene oxide in nonstoichiometric SrTiO3-δ thermoelectrics. Sci Rep 9:8624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Yang S, Yue W, Huang D, Chen C, Lin H, Yang X (2012) A facile green strategy for rapid reduction of graphene oxide by metallic zinc. RSC Adv 2:8827–8832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Wang Y, Shi Z, Yin J (2011) Facile synthesis of soluble graphene via a green reduction of graphene oxide in tea solution and its biocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:1127–1133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Thakur S, Karak N (2012) Green reduction of graphene oxide by aqueous phytoextracts. Carbon 50:5331–5339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Ding JN, Liu YB, Yuan NY, Ding GQ, Fan Y, Yu CT (2012) The influence of temperature, time and concentration on the dispersion of reduced graphene oxide prepared by hydrothermal reduction. Diam Relat Mater 21:11–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Park S, An JH, Jung IW, Piner RD, An SJ, Li XS, Velamakanni A, Ruoff RS (2009) Colloidal suspensions of highly reduced graphene oxide in a wide variety of organic solvents. Nano Lett 9:1593–1597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Allahbakhsh A, Sharif F, Mazinani S, Kalaee MR (2014) Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide in suspension and powder forms by chemical exfoliation method. Int J Nano Nano Dimens 5:11–20

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kaniyoor A, Baby TT, Ramaprabhu S (2010) Graphene synthesis via hydrogen induced low temperature exfoliation of graphite oxide. J Mater Chem 20:8467–8469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. You JM, Kim D, Kim SK, Kim MS, Han HS, Jeon S (2013) Novel determination of hydrogen peroxide by electrochemically reduced graphene oxide grafted with aminothiophenol-Pd nanoparticles. Sens. Actuators B Chem 178:450–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Li M, Liu Z, Ruan J, Chen X, Xu F, Chen X, Lu X, Yang S (2014) Noncovalently grafting sulfonic acid onto graphene oxide for improved hole transport in polymer solar cells. RSC Adv 4:53999–54006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang Y, Yuan S, Zhou W, Xu J, Li Y (2007) Spectroscopic evidence and molecular simulation investigation of the pi-pi interaction between pyrene molecules and carbon nanotubes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7:2366–2375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Zhang J, Yang H, Shen G, Cheng P, Zhang J, Guo S (2010) Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid. Chem Commun 46:1112–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Bartlam C, Morsch S, Heard KWJ, Quayle P, Yeates SG, Vijayaraghvan A (2018) Nanoscale infrared identification and mapping of chemical functional groups on graphene. Carbon 139:317–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Chua CK, Pumera M (2014) Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint. Chem Soc Rev 43:291–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Kumar A, Khandelwal M (2014) Amino acid mediated functionalization and reduction of graphene oxide—synthesis and the formation mechanism of nitrogen-doped graphene. N J Chem 38:3457–3467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Anwar AW, Majeed A, Iqbal N, Ullah W, Shuaib A, Ilyas U, Bibi F, Rafique HM (2015) Specific capacitance and cyclic stability of graphene based metal/metal oxide nanocomposites: a review. J Mater Sci Technol 31:699–707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Harima Y, Setodoi S, Imae I, Komaguchi K, Ooyama Y, Ohshita J, Mizota H, Yano J (2011) Electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide in organic solvents. Electrochim Acta 56:5363–5368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Ke Q, Liu Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang J (2014) Surfactant-modified chemically reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical supercapacitors. RSC Adv 4:26398–26406

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this study provided by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan under projects MOST 107-2622-E-003-005-CC3 and MOST 108-2622-E-027-019-CC3.

Funding

This study received financial support from Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under projects MOST 107-2622-E-003-005-CC3 and MOST 108-2622-E-027-019-CC3.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 10610, Taiwan

    Yi-Fang Hung, Chia Cheng, Chun-Kai Huang & Chii-Rong Yang

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan

    Shih-Feng Tseng

Authors
  1. Yi-Fang Hung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chia Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chun-Kai Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chii-Rong Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shih-Feng Tseng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Chii-Rong Yang or Shih-Feng Tseng.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hung, YF., Cheng, C., Huang, CK. et al. Investigation of electrochemical reduction effects on graphene oxide powders for high-performance supercapacitors. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 113, 1203–1213 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06578-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06578-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation