Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular mapping of qualitative and quantitative loci for resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans causing blackleg disease in canola (Brassica napus L.)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Theoretical and Applied Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is one of the most important diseases of oilseed and vegetable crucifiers worldwide. The present study describes (1) the construction of a genetic linkage map, comprising 255 markers, based upon simple sequence repeats (SSR), sequence-related amplified polymorphism, sequence tagged sites, and EST-SSRs and (2) the localization of qualitative (race-specific) and quantitative (race non-specific) trait loci controlling blackleg resistance in a doubled-haploid population derived from the Australian canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars Skipton and Ag-Spectrum using the whole-genome average interval mapping approach. Marker regression analyses revealed that at least 14 genomic regions with LOD ≥ 2.0 were associated with qualitative and quantitative blackleg resistance, explaining 4.6–88.9 % of genotypic variation. A major qualitative locus, designated RlmSkipton (Rlm4), was mapped on chromosome A7, within 0.8 cM of the SSR marker Xbrms075. Alignment of the molecular markers underlying this QTL region with the genome sequence data of B. rapa L. suggests that RlmSkipton is located approximately 80 kb from the Xbrms075 locus. Molecular marker-RlmSkipton linkage was further validated in an F2 population from Skipton/Ag-Spectrum. Our results show that SSR markers linked to consistent genomic regions are suitable for enrichment of favourable alleles for blackleg resistance in canola breeding programs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansan-Melayah D, Balesdent MH, Delourme R, Pilet ML, Tanguy X, Renard M, Rouxel T (1998) Genes for race-specific resistance against blackleg disease in Brassica napus L. Plant Breed 117:373–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balesdent MH, Attard A, Ansan-Melayah D, Delourme R, Renard M, Rouxel T (2001) Genetic control and host range of avirulence toward Brassica napus cultivars Quinta and Jet Neuf in Leptosphaeria maculans. Phytopathology 91:70–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balesdent MH, Attard A, Kuhn ML, Rouxel T (2002) New avirulence genes in the phytopathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans. Phytopathology 92:1122–1133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balesdent MH, Barbetti MJ, Li H, Sivasithamparam K, Gout L, Rouxel T (2005) Analysis of Leptosphaeria maculans race structure in a worldwide collection of isolates. Phytopathology 95:1061–1071

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broman KW, Wu H, Sen Ś, Churchill GA (2003) R/qtl: QTL mapping in experimental crosses. Bioinformatics 19:889–890. http:www.rqtl.org

    Google Scholar 

  • Brun H, Chèvre A-M, Fitt BD, Powers S, Besnard A-L, Ermel M, Huteau V, Marquer B, Eber F, Renard M, Andrivon D (2010) Quantitative resistance increases the durability of qualitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus. New Phytol 185:285–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler DG, Cullis BR, Gilmour AR, Gogel BJ (2007) ASReml-R reference manual. Release 2.0. Technical report, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia

  • Chen C, Plummer K, Howlett BJ (1996) Ability of a Leptosphaeria maculans isolate to form stem canker on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) segregate as a single locus. Eur J Plant Pathol 102:349–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng X, Xu J, Xia S, Gu J, Yang Y, Fu J, Qian X, Zhang S, Wu J, Liu K (2009) Development and genetic mapping of microsatellite markers from genome survey sequences in Brassica napus. Theor Appl Genet 118(6):1121–1131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi S, Teakle G, Plaha P, Kim J, Allender C, Beynon E, Piao Z, Soengas P, Han T, King G, Barker G, Hand P, Lydiate D, Batley J, Edwards D, Koo D, Bang J, Park B-S, Lim Y (2007) The reference genetic linkage map for the multinational Brassica rapa genome sequencing project. Theor Appl Genet 115:777–792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coombes NE (2002) The reactive tabu search for efficient correlated experimental designs. PhD thesis, John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

  • Cullis BR, Smith AB, Coombes NE (2006) On the design of early generation variety trials with correlated data. J Agric Biol Environ Stat 11:381–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delourme R, Pilet-Nayel ML, Archipiano M, Horvais R, Tanguy X, Rouxel T, Brun H, Renard M, Balesdent MH (2004) A cluster of major specific resistance genes to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus. Phytopathology 94:578–583

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delourme R, Chevre AM, Brun H, Rouxel T, Balesdent MH, Dias JS, Salisbury P, Renard M, Rimmer SR (2006a) Major gene and polygenic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Eur J Plant Pathol 114:41–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delourme R, Falentin C, Huteau V, Clouet V, Horvais R, Gandon B, Specel S, Hanneton L, Dheu JE, Deschamps M, Margale E, Vincourt P, Renard M (2006b) Genetic control of oil content in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Theor Appl Genet 113:1331–1345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delourme R, Piel N, Horvais R, Pouilly N, Domin C, Vallée P, Falentin C, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Renard M (2008) Molecular and phenotypic characterization of near isogenic lines at QTL for quantitative resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Theor Appl Genet 117:1055–1067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delwiche PA (1980) Genetic aspects of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA

  • Diederichsen E, Laga B, Botterman J (2005) Brassica plant resistant to the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg). http://wwwfreepatentsonlinecom/y2005/0142122html

  • Dion Y, Gugel RK, Rakow GFW, Séguin-Swartz G, Landry BS (1995) RFLP mapping of resistance to the blackleg disease [causal agent, Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.] in canola (Brassica napus L.). Theor Appl Genet 91:1190–1194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dusabenyagasani M, Fernando WGD (2008) Development of a SCAR marker to track canola resistance against blackleg caused by Leptosphaeria maculans pathogenicity group 3. Plant Dis 92:903–908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans N, Baierl A, Semenov MA, Gladders P, Fitt BDL (2008) Range and severity of a plant disease increased by global warming. J R Soc Interface 5:525–531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira ME, Rimmer SR, Williams PH, Osborn TC (1995) Mapping loci controlling Brassica napus resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans under different screening conditions. Phytopathology 85:213–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitt B, Brun H, Barbetti M, Rimmer S (2006) World-wide importance of Phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Eur J Plant Pathol 114:3–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flor HH (1942) Inheritance of pathogenicity in Melampsora lini. Phytopathology 32:653–669

    Google Scholar 

  • Foisset N, Delourme R (1996) Segregation distortion in androgenic plants. In: Jain SM, Sopory SK, Veilleux RE (eds) In vitro Haploid production in higher plants, vol 2. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 189–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall R (1992) Epidemiology of blackleg of oilseed rape. Can J Plant Pathol 14:46–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond KE, Lewis BG, Musa TM (1985) A systemic pathway in the infection of oilseeed rape plants by Leptosphaeria maculans. Plant Pathol 34:557–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins CJ, Cogan NOI, Hand M, Jewell E, Kaur J, Li X, Lim GAC, Ling AE, Love C, Mountford H, Todorovic M, Vardy M, Spangenberg GC, Edwards D, Batley J (2007) Sixteen new simple sequence repeat markers from Brassica juncea expressed sequences and their cross-species amplification. Mol Ecol Notes 7:697–700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howlett BJ (2004) Current knowledge of the interaction between Brassica napus and Leptosphaeria maculans. Can J Plant Pathol 26:245–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jestin C, Lodé M, Vallée P, Domin C, Falentin C, Horvais R, Coedel S, Manzanares-Dauleux M, Delourme R (2011) Association mapping of quantitative resistance for Leptosphaeria maculans in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Mol Breed 27:271–287

  • Johnson R (1984) A critical analysis of durable resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 22:309–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur S, Cogan NOI, Ye G, Baillie RC, Hand ML, Ling AE, McGearey AK, Kaur J, Hopkins CJ, Todorovic M, Mountford H, Edwards D, Batley J, Burton W, Salisbury P, Gororo N, Marcroft S, Kearney G, Smith KF, Forster JW, Spangenberg GC (2009) Genetic map construction and QTL mapping of resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) disease in Australian canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 120:71–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly AL (1996) The genetic basis of petal number and pod orientation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). PhD Thesis, University of New Castle, UK

  • Kim JS, Chung TY, King GJ, Jin M, Yang TJ, Jin YM, Kim HI, Park BS (2006) A sequence-tagged linkage map of Brassica rapa. Genetics 174:29–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch E, Song K, Osborn TC, Williams PH (1991) Relationship between pathogenicity based on restriction fragment length polymorphism in Leptosphaeria maculans. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4:341–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher HR, van den Berg CGJ, Rimmer SR (1993) Variation in pathogenicity of Leptosphaeria maculans on Brassica spp. based on cotyledon and stem reactions. Can J Plant Pathol 15:253–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher HR, Keri M, McLaren DL, Rimmer RS (2007) Pathogenic variability of Leptosphaeria maculans in western Canada. Can J Plant Pathol 29(4):388–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Quiros C (2001) Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), a new marker system based on a simple PCR reaction: its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica. Theor Appl Genet 103:455–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ (2003) Breakdown of a Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris single dominant blackleg resistance gene in B. napus rapeseed by Leptosphaeria maculans field isolates in Australia. Plant Dis 87:752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light KA, Gororo NN, Salisbury PA (2011) Usefulness of winter canola (Brassica napus) race-specific resistance genes against blackleg (causal agent Leptosphaeria maculans) in southern Australian growing conditions. Crop Pasture Sci 62:162–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lombard V, Delourme R (2001) A consensus linkage map for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): construction and integration of three individual maps from DH populations. Theor Appl Genet 103:491–507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long Y, Shi J, Qiu D, Li R, Zhang C, Wang J, Hou J, Zhao J, Shi L, Park B-S, Choi SR, Lim YP, Meng J (2007) Flowering time quantitative trait loci analysis of oilseed Brassica in multiple environments and genomewide alignment with Arabidopsis. Genetics 177:2433–2444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe A, Jones A, Raybould A, Trick M, Moule C, Edwards K (2002) Transferability and genome specificity of a new set of microsatellite primers among Brassica species of the U triangle. Mol Ecol Notes 2:7–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe A, Moule C, Trick M, Edwards K (2004) Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species. Theor Appl Genet 108:1103–1112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luckett DJ, Cowley R, Moroni S, Raman H (2011) Improving water-use efficiency and drought tolerance in canola—potential contribution from improved carbon isotope discrimination (CID). In: Proceedings of the 13th international rapeseed congress, Prague

  • Manly KF, Cudmore JRH, Meer JM (2001) Map Manager QTX, cross platform software for genetic mapping. Mamm Genome 12:930–932

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcroft S, Bluett C (2008) Blackleg of canola. Agriculture notes, State of Victoria, Department of Primary Industries, May 2008, AG1352, ISSN: 1329-8062

  • Mayerhofer R, Bansal VK, Thiagarajah MR, Stringam GR, Good AG (1997) Molecular mapping of resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Australian cultivars of Brassica napus. Genome 40:294–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayerhofer R, Wilde K, Mayerhofer M, Lydiate D, Bansal VK, Good AG, Parkin IAP (2005) Complexities of chromosome landing in a highly duplicated genome: toward map-based cloning of a gene controlling blackleg resistance in Brassica napus. Genetics 171:1977–1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcintosh RA, Yamazaki Y, Devos KM, Dubcovsky J, Rogers WJ, Appels R (2003) Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. In: Proceedings of tenth international wheat genetics symposium, Paestum, Italy, 1–6 September 2003

  • Osborn TC, Butrulle DV, Sharpe AG, Pickering KJ, Parkin IAP, Parker JS, Lydiate DJ (2003) Detection and effects of a homeologous reciprocal transposition in Brassica napus. Genetics 165:1569–1577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin IA, Sharpe AG, Lydiate DJ (2003) Patterns of genome duplication within the Brassica napus genome. Genome 46:291–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilet ML, Delourme R, Foisset N, Renard M (1998) Identification of loci contributing to quantitative field resistance to blackleg disease, causal agent Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not., in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Theor Appl Genet 96:23–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piquemal J, Cinquin E, Couton F, Rondeau C, Seignoret E, Doucet I, Perret D, Villeger M, Vincourt P, Blanchard P (2005) Construction of an oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) genetic map with SSR markers. Theor Appl Genet 111:1514–1523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raman R, Raman H, Johnstone K, Lisle C, Smith A, Martin P, Allen H (2005) Genetic and in silico comparative mapping of the polyphenol oxidase gene in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 5:185–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raman R, Allen H, Diffey S, Raman H, Martin P, McKelvie K (2009) Localisation of quantitative trait loci for quality attributes in a doubled haploid population of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genome 52:701–715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raman H, Raman R, Prangnell R, Eckermann P, Edwards D, Batley J, Coombes N, Taylor B, Wratten N, Luckett D, Dennis L (2011) Genetic dissection of natural variation for flowering time in rapeseed. In: Proceedings of the international rapeseed congress (abstract book) Prague, Czech Republic, p 139

  • Rimmer SR (2006) Resistance genes to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus. Can J Plant Pathol Rev Can Phytopathol 28:S288–S297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimmer SR, Borhan MH, Zhu B, Somers D (1999) Mapping resistance genes in Brassica napus to Leptosphaeria maculans. In: Proceedings of the 10th international rapeseed congress, Canberra, Australia

  • Rouxel T, Penaud A, Pinochet X, Brun H, Gout L, Delourme R, Schmit J, Balesdent M-H (2003a) A 10-year survey of populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in France indicates a rapid adaptation towards the Rlm1 resistance gene of oilseed rape. Eur J Plant Pathol 109:871–881

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouxel T, Willner E, Coudard L, Balesdent M-H (2003b) Screening and identification of resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans (stem canker) in Brassica napus accessions. Euphytica 133:219–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe A, Parkin IA, Keith D, Lydiate DJ (1995) Frequent reciprocal translocations in the amphidiploid genome of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Genome 38:1112–1121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sippell DW, McNabb W, Hall R, Patel J (1991) Inheritance of resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) of canola. In: Proceedings of the 8th international rapeseed congress, Saskatoon, Canada, vol 1, pp 232–237

  • Sun Z, Wang Z, Tu J, Zhang J, Yu F, McVetty P, Li G (2007) An ultradense genetic recombination map for Brassica napus consisting of 13551 SRAP markers. Theor Appl Genet 114:1305–1317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suwabe K, Iketani H, Nunome T, Kage T, Hirai M (2002) Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Brassica rapa L. Theor Appl Genet 104:1092–1098

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suwabe K, Tsukazaki H, Iketani H, Hatakeyama K, Kondo M, Fujimura M, Nunome T, Fukuoka H, Hirai M, Matsumoto S (2006) Simple sequence repeat-based comparative genomics between Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana: the genetic origin of clubroot resistance. Genetics 173:309–319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suwabe K, Morgan C, Bancroft I (2008) Integration of Brassica A genome genetic linkage map between Brassica napus and B. rapa. Genome 41:169–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuro M, Suwabe K, Kubo N, Matsumoto S, Hirai M (2005) Construction of a molecular linkage map of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), based on AFLP and Brassica-SSR markers. Breeding Science 55:107–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Os H, Stam P, Visser RGF, van Eck HJ (2005) RECORD: a novel method for ordering loci on a genetic linkage map. Theor Appl Genet 112:30–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verbyla AP, Cullis BR, Thompson R (2006) The analysis of QTL by simultaneous use of the full linkage map. Theor Appl Genet 116:95–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voorrips RE (2002) MapChart: software for the graphical presentation of linkage maps and QTLs. J Hered 93:77–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West JS, Kharbanda PD, Barbetti MJ, Fitt BDL (2001) Epidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe. Plant Pathol 50:10–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu F, Lydiate DJ, Rimmer SR (2005) Identification of two novel genes for blackleg resistance in Brassica napus. Theor Appl Genet 110:969–979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu F, Lydiate DJ, Rimmer SR (2008) Identification and mapping of a third blackleg resistance locus in Brassica napus derived from B. rapa subsp. sylvestris. Genome 51:64–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was partly funded by the Grains Research and Development Corporation, Australia (DAN117). We thank Dr. Simon Diffey, Biometrician, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, for providing statistical research support, Drs. Angela Van de Wouw and Barbara Howlett, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, for providing data on AvrLm1, AvrLm4 and AvrLm6 markers and differential isolates of L. maculans and Dr. Vicki Thomas for assisting in phenotyping. We thank Peter Heffernan, Ray Cowley, David Roberts and Peter Deane for technical assistance in field work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (an alliance between NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia

    Rosy Raman, Belinda Taylor, Neil Coombes, Ata Rehman, Kurt Lindbeck, David Luckett, Neil Wratten & Harsh Raman

  2. Marcroft Grains Pathology, Horsham, VIC, 3400, Australia

    Steve Marcroft

  3. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Jiri Stiller, Jacqueline Batley & David Edwards

  4. School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia

    Paul Eckermann

  5. Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, CAAS, Zhongguancun Nandajie No.12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China

    Xiaowu Wang

Authors
  1. Rosy Raman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Belinda Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Steve Marcroft
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiri Stiller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Paul Eckermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Neil Coombes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ata Rehman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Kurt Lindbeck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. David Luckett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Neil Wratten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jacqueline Batley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. David Edwards
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Xiaowu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Harsh Raman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harsh Raman.

Additional information

Communicated by H. Becker.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Raman, R., Taylor, B., Marcroft, S. et al. Molecular mapping of qualitative and quantitative loci for resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans causing blackleg disease in canola (Brassica napus L.). Theor Appl Genet 125, 405–418 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1842-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1842-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation