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Lipids in the cell: organisation regulates function

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Abstract

Lipids are fundamental building blocks of all cells and play important roles in the pathogenesis of different diseases, including inflammation, autoimmune disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The lipid composition of different organelles can vary substantially from cell to cell, but increasing evidence demonstrates that lipids become organised specifically in each compartment, and this organisation is essential for regulating cell function. For example, lipid microdomains in the plasma membrane, known as lipid rafts, are platforms for concentrating protein receptors and can influence intra-cellular signalling. Lipid organisation is tightly regulated and can be observed across different model organisms, including bacteria, yeast, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that lipid organisation is evolutionarily conserved. In this review, we summarise the importance and function of specific lipid domains in main cellular organelles and discuss recent advances that investigate how these specific and highly regulated structures contribute to diverse biological processes.

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Fig. 1
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Adapted from Sorice et al. [128]

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Abbreviations

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

Cav-1:

Caveolin-1

CDP-DAG:

Cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol

CL:

Cardiolipin

CMA:

Chaperone-mediated autophagy

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

FCS:

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

FMM:

Functional membrane microdomains

FRET:

Förster resonance energy transfer

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidised glutathione

GP:

Glutathione peroxidase

Hsp70:

Heat shock protein 70

LDs:

Lipid droplets

MT:

Metallothionein

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NADP+ :

Oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADPH:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

PA:

Phosphatidic acid

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PG:

Phosphatidylglycerol

PI:

Phosphatidylinositol

PI3P:

Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate

PI-PLC:

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C

PLEP:

Phospholipid exchange protein

PLTP:

Phospholipid transfer protein

PrPc :

Cellular prion protein

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

S1P:

Sphingosine-1-phosphate

SCP:

Sterol carrier protein

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SMase:

Sphingomyelinase

SPH:

Sphingosine

TNFR1:

Tumour necrosis factor receptor 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1001 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France

    Ana L. Santos

  2. Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Giulio Preta

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  1. Ana L. Santos
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  2. Giulio Preta
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Correspondence to Giulio Preta.

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Santos, A.L., Preta, G. Lipids in the cell: organisation regulates function. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 75, 1909–1927 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-018-2765-4

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