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Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of biofluids: fundamental aspects and diagnostic applications

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Abstract

In clinical practice, one objective is to obtain diagnostic information while minimizing the invasiveness of the tests and the pain for the patients. To this end, tests based on the interaction of light with readily available biofluids including blood, urine, or saliva are highly desirable. In this review we examine the state of the art regarding the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to investigate biofluids, focusing on diagnostic applications. First, a critical evaluation of the experimental aspects involved in the collection of SERS spectra is presented; different substrate types are introduced, with a clear distinction between colloidal and non-colloidal metal nanostructures. Then the effect of the excitation wavelength is discussed, along with anomalous bands and artifacts which might affect SERS spectra of biofluids. The central part of the review examines the literature available on the SERS spectra of blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, tears, and semen. Finally, diagnostic applications are critically discussed in the context of the published evidence; this section clearly reveals that SERS of biofluids is most promising as a rapid, cheap, and non-invasive tool for mass screening for cancer.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Raman Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6a, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy

    Alois Bonifacio & Valter Sergo

  2. CRO-Biobank, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy

    Silvia Cervo

  3. Clinical Cancer Pathology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, PN, Italy

    Silvia Cervo

Authors
  1. Alois Bonifacio
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  2. Silvia Cervo
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  3. Valter Sergo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alois Bonifacio.

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Published in the topical collection Raman4Clinics with guest editors Jürgen Popp and Christoph Krafft.

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Bonifacio, A., Cervo, S. & Sergo, V. Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of biofluids: fundamental aspects and diagnostic applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 8265–8277 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8697-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8697-z

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