Abstract
The amino acid L-proline has been the subject of intensive research during the past ten to fifteen years. This stems from the observations that it incorporates into peptide linkage thereby serving as a precursor to peptidyl-bound L-hydroxyproline, a constituent of “extensin,” and that it accumulates when some plants are exposed to diverse biological and environmental stresses. The contents of selected papers which have been published during the last quarter of a century regarding the isolation, assay, biosynthesis, metabolism, transport and function of L-proline within various plant tissues and their cells are both interpreted and summarized in this review. Occasionally, relevant information from animal and bacterial systems concerning these topics is included. Hydroxyproline-containing proteins are not considered.
L-proline was reported to be a constituent of leaves as early as the 1950’s. Since then, it and its analogues have been extracted from the organs of a variety of plants. The analogues include: methyl-hydroxylproline; 4-methylene-DL-proline; L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2,3,cis-3,4-trans-dihydroxy-L-proline; L-pipecolic acid and 4-trans-hydroxypro-line. L-proline can be both detected and quantified by colorimetric, combined fluorometric-amino acid analyzer and gas Chromatographic procedures. L-proline may be synthesized from L-glutamic acid via the following biosynthetic pathway: L-glutamic acid\(\underrightarrow {\gamma - glutamic acid kinase}\) γ-glutamyl phosphate\(\underrightarrow {\gamma - glutamyl phosphate reductase}\) γ-glutamyl semialdehyde\(\underrightarrow {spontaneous cyclization}\) Δ′-pyrroline-5-Carboxylate (P5C)\(\underrightarrow {P5C reductase}\) L-proline. Proline can also originate from L-arginine and L-ornithine. Biosynthesis from the latter compound proceeds either through the γ-glutamyl semialdehyde and pyrroline-5-carboxylate pathway or alternatively a α-keto-δ-aminovaleric and pyrroline-2-carboxylate pathway. The metabolism of L-proline most likely involves the reverse of the biosynthetic pathway with an initial prolyl dehydrogenaseor prolyl oxidasemediated conversion of L-proline to Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. The metabolism of L-proline has been demonstrated to occur in excised tissues and cell free extracts, cell suspension cultures and reproductive structures. Little is known about the mechanism by which L-proline is taken up by cultured plant cells and excised tissues. Once within the plant Lproline can be translocated through the phloem at velocities similar to those for carbon dioxide assimilates. In addition to serving as a substrate for peptidyl-bound hydroxyproline, L-proline may function as an adaptation to diverse biological and environmental stresses, a cryoprotectant, a nitrogen pool, a precursor for chlorophyll synthesis upon relief of stress, a regulator together with L-histidine of fertility and sterility and/or a substrate for respiration.
Resume
Depuis ces quinze dernières années, l’amino-acide L-proline a été l’objet de recherches très intensives parce que l’on a observé que L-proline s’incorpores dans les liaisons peptidiques, et par ce moyen se sers de précurseur à la fraction peptidique L-hydroxyproline, un des constituants de “l’extensine,” et s’accumule lorsque les plantes sont soumise à des contraintes environmentales et biologique diverses. Le contenu d’un certain nombre d’articles qui furent publiés ce dernier quart de siècle traite de l’isolement, les essais en laboratoire, la biosynthèse, le métabolisme, le transport et les fonctions de la L-proline dans les cellules et les tissus variés de plante sont interprétés et résumé dans cette revue. Occasionnellement, des informations complémentaires relevant des systèmes animaux et bactériens jugés utiles ont été introduites. Les protéines contenant de l’hydroxyproline n’est pas envisagé ici.
Depuis le début des années mille neuf cent cinquante, la L-proline fut reconnue d’être un des constituants dans les feuilles. Depuis lors, L-proline ont été extraite, ainsi que ses analogues, d’organes de diverses sortes de plantes. Ses analogues comportent: la methyle-hydroxyle-proline; la 4-methylene DL-proline; l’acide L-azetidine-2-carboxylique; la 2,3, cis-3, 4-trans-dihydroxy-L-proline; l’acide L-pipécolique et l’hydroxyproline 4-trans. La L-proline peut être détectée et quantifié par la colorimétrie à l’analyse fluorométrique des acides aminés et par la Chromatographie en phase gazeuse. La L-proline peut être synthétisée de l’acide L-glutamique par les étapes biosynthétiques suivantes: acide L-glutamique\(\underrightarrow {acide \gamma - glutamique kinase}\) γ glutamyl phosphate\(\underrightarrow {\gamma - glutamyl phosphate reductase}\) γ glutamyl semialdéhyde\(\underrightarrow {cyclisation spontanee}\) Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C)\(\underrightarrow {P5C reductase}\) L-proline. La proline peut aussi avoir son origine de Larginine ou de L-ornithine. La biosynthèse de cette dernière a lieu soit par voie du γ glutamyl semi-aldehyde et P5C, soit par celui des réaction biosynthétiques de l’acide γ-keto δ amino valérique et du pyrroline-2-carboxylate. Le métabolisme de la L-proline probablement inclut les étapes inverses de la biosynthèse avec une conversion initiale de la Lproline dans Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylate grâce à la prolyl déhydrogenase ou la prolyl oxidase. Le métabolisme de la L-proline a été démontré de survenir dans des tissus excisés, des extraits sans cellules, des cultures de suspension cellulaires et des structures reproductives. On ne sait que très peu du mécanisme par lequel la L-proline est incorporée dans les cultures cellulaires des plantes et des tissus excisés. Une fois dans la plante la L-proline peut être transportée dans le phloème à des vélocités semblable de celles des assimilais d’oxyde de carbone. Outre son utilité comme substrat pour la hydroxyproline, bondé avec la peptidyle la L-proline peut fonctionner comme une adaptation à des contraintes biologique et environmentales diverses, un cryoprotecteur, une reserve d’azote, un précurseur de la synthèse chlorophyllienne lorsque la contrainte est levée; un régulateur, avec la L-histidine, de la fertilité et de la stérilité et/ou un substrat respiratoire.
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Abbreviations
- ABA :
-
(RS)-abscisic acid
- ALA :
-
L-alanine
- ASN :
-
L-asparagine
- ARG :
-
L-arginine
- ASP :
-
L-aspartic acid
- AZC :
-
L-2-azetidine carboxylic acid
- ATP :
-
adenosine triphosphate
- CTP :
-
cytosine triphosphate
- GLN :
-
glutamine
- GABA :
-
γ-amino butyric acid
- GLY :
-
L-glycine
- GTP :
-
guanosine triphosphate
- GLU :
-
L-glutamic acid
- HYP :
-
4-trans-L-hydroxy-proline
- ITP :
-
inosine triphosphate
- KCN :
-
potassium cyanide
- ILEU :
-
L-isoleucine
- LEU :
-
L-leucine
- LYS :
-
L-lysine
- Km :
-
Michaelis constant
- MET :
-
L-methionine
- NAA :
-
naphthal-ene acetic acid
- NADH :
-
reduced pyridine nucleotide
- NH2OH:
-
hydroxlyamine
- ORN :
-
L-ornithine
- PEG :
-
polyethyleneglycol
- PHE :
-
L-phenylalanine
- P2C :
-
pyrroline-2-carbox-ylic acid
- P5C :
-
pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
- pphm :
-
parts per hundred million
- PRO :
-
L-proline
- SER :
-
L-serine
- THR :
-
L-threonine
- VAL:
-
L-valine
- TLC :
-
thin layer chromatog-raphy
- UTP :
-
uridine triphosphate
- UV :
-
ultravioletlight
- π:
-
osmotic potential
- Ψ:
-
water potential
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Dashek, W.V., Erickson, S.S. Isolation, assay, biosynthesis, metabolism, uptake and translocation, and function of proline in plant cells and tissues. Bot. Rev 47, 349–385 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860578
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860578