Abstract
We present a developmental psychobiologic framework to improve the understanding of developmental and mental disorders. Tourette syndrome (TS) is our model condition for the effort, as we review our studies on the condition in conjunction with the comorbidities with which it often presents. TS serves not only as a biologic marker for certain localizable and definable central nervous system processes, but also may serve a transacting function across biological and psychological levels of organization.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, L. T., Campbell, M., Grega, D. M., Perry, R., Small, A. M., and Green, W. H. (1984). Haloperidol in infantile autism: Effects on learning and behavioral symptoms.Am. J. Psychiat. 141: 1195–1201.
Bellak, L. (1985), ADD Psychosis as a separate entity.Schiz. Bull. 11: 523–527.
Bliss, J. (1980). Sensory experiences of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Archiv. General. Psychiat. 37: 1343–1347.
Burd, L., Fisher, W., and Kerbeshian, J. (1987a). A prevalence study of pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota.J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiat. 26: 700–703.
Burd, L., Fisher, W., Kerbeshian, J., and Arnold, M. E. (1987b). Is development of Tourette disorder a marker for improvement in patients with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders?J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat. 26: 162–165.
Burd, L., Fisher, W., Knowlton, D., and Kerbeshian, J. (1987c). Hyperlexia: A marker for improvement in children with pervasive developmental disorders?J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiat. 26: 407–412.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian J. (1984). Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and bipolar disorder.Arch. Neurol. 41: 1236.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1985). Tourette Syndrome, atypical pervasive developmental disorder and Ganser's syndrome in a 15-year-old visually impaired, mentally retarded boy.Canad. J. Psychiat. 30: 4–76.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1987a). Asperger's syndrome.Brit. J. Psychiat. 149: 417.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1987b). A North Dakota prevalence study of schizophrenia presenting in childhood.J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat. 26: 347–350.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1987c). Onset of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome before one year of age.Am. J. Psychiat. 144: 1066–1067.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1987d). Treatment generated problems associated with behavior modification in Tourette disorder.Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 29: 831–832.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1988a). Symptom substitution in Tourette disorder.Lancet 11: 1076.
Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1988b). Nocturnal coprolalia and phonic tics.Am. J. Psychiat. 145: 132.
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Fisher, W., Barcome, D. F., and Lipp, L. (1986a). Pseudo hemiparesis and Tourette syndrome.J. Child Neurol. 1: 369–371.
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Wickenheiser, M., and Fisher, W. (1986b). A Prevalence Study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in North Dakota school-aged children.J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiat. 25: 552–553.
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Wickenheiser, M., and Fisher, W. (1986c). Prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in North Dakota adults.Am. J. Psychiat. 143: 787–788.
Campbell, M., Cohen, I. L., and Anderson, L. T. (1981). Pharmacotherapy for autistic children: A summary.Canad. J. Psychiat. 26: 265–273.
Cohen, D. J. (1980). The pathology of the self in primary childhood autism and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.Psychiat. Clin. North Am. 3: 383–402.
Cohen, D. J. (1991). Tourette's Syndrome: A model disorder for integrating psychoanalytic and biological perspectives.Int. Rev. Psychoanal. 18: 195–209.
Cohen, D. J., Detlor, J., and Shawitz, B. A. (1982). Interaction and biological and psychological factors in the natural history of Tourette syndrome: A paradigm for child neuropsychiatric disorders, In Friedhoff, A. J., and Chase, T. N. (eds.),Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 35, Raven Press, New York.
Comings, D. E. (1990)Tourette Syndrome and Human Behavior, Hope Press, Duarte, CA.
Comings, D. E., and Comings, B. G. (1987a). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41: 701–741.
Comings, D. E., and Comings, B. G. (1987b). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. II.Conduct. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41: 742–760.
Comings, D. E., and Comings, B. G. (1987c). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. III. Phobias and panic attacks.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41: 761–781.
Comings, D. E., and Comings, B. G. (1987d). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. IV. Obsessive-compulsive and schizoid behavior.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41: 782–803.
Comings, B. G., and Comings, B. G. (1987e). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome, V. Depression and mania.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41: 804–821.
Comings, D. E., and Comings, B. G. (1987f). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. VI. Early development, sleep problems, allergies and handedness.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 41: 822–838.
Comings, D. E., and Comings, B. G. (1988). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome—Revisited. A reply to the letter of Paulset al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 43: 209–217.
Engel, G. L. (1980). The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model.Am. J. Psychiat. 137: 535–544.
Fisher, W., Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1987). Comparisons of DSM-III defined pervasive developmental disorders in children.J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiat. 26: 704–710.
Fisher, W., Burd, L., and Kerbeshian, J. (1988). Markers for improvement in children with pervasive developmental disorders.J. Ment. Def. Res. 32: 357–369.
Fisher, W., Burd, L., Kuna, D., and Berg, D. (1985). Attention deficit disorders and the hyperactivities in multiply-disabled children.Rehab. Lit. 46: 250–254.
Fisher, W., Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1986). A treatable language disorder: Pharmacological treatment of pervasive developmental disorder.Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 7: 73–76.
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact.Nerv. Child 2: 217–250.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1985). Auditory hallucinosis in atypical tic disorder: Case reports.Clin. Psychiat. 46: 398–399.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1986a). A second visually impaired, mentally retarded male with pervasive developmental disorder, Tourette disorder and Ganser's syndrome: Diagnostic classification and treatment.Int. J. Psychiat. Med. 16: 67–75.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1986b). Asperger's syndrome and TOurette syndrome: The case of the pinball wizard.Brit. J. Psychiat. 148: 731–736.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1987a). Novel side effects of clonidine in the treatment of Tourette Disorder.J. Clin. Psychopharm. 7: 207.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1987b). Are schizophreniform symptoms present in attentuated form in children with Tourette disorder and other developmental disorders?Canad. J. Psychiat. 32: 123–135.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1988a). Differential responsiveness to lithium in patients with Tourette disorder.Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2: 247–250.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1988b). Tourette disorder and mutational falsetto.Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 12: 271–274.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1988c). Tourette disorder and schizophrenia in children.Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 12: 267–270.
Kerbeshian, J., and Burd, L. (1989). Tourette disorder and Bipolar symptomatology in childhood and adolescence.Canad. J. Psychiat. 34: 230–233.
Kerbeshian, J., Burd, L., and Fisher, W. (1990). Asperger's syndrome: to be or not to be?Brit. J. Psychiat. 156: 721–725.
Kerbeshian, J., Gascon, G., and Burd, L. (1988). A role for biogenic amines in developmental language disorders.Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev 12: 289–294.
Kurlan, R., Lichter, and Hewitt, D. (1989). Sensory tics in Tourette's syndrome.Neurology 39: 731–734.
Leckman, J. F., Walker, D. E., and Cohen, D. E. (1993). Premonitory urges in Tourette's syndrome.Am. J. Psychiat. 150: 98–102.
Pauls, D. L., Kruger, S. D., Leckman, J. F., Cohen, D. E., and Kidd, K. K. (1984). The risk of Tourette's syndrome and chronic multiple tics among relatives to Tourette's syndrome patients obtained by direct interview.J. Am. Acad. Child. Psychiat. 25: 134–137.
Pauls, D. L., and Leckman, J. F. (1986). The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and associated behaviors: Evidence for autosomal dominant transmission.N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 993–997.
Pauls, D. L., Leckman, J. F., Kidd, K. K., and Cohen, D. J. (1988a). Tourette syndrome and neuropsychiatric disorders: Is there a genetic relationship?Am. J. Hum. Genet. 43: 206–209.
Pauls, D. L., Leckman, J. F., Raymond, C. L. R., Hurst, C. R., and Stevenson, J. M. (1988b). A family study of Tourette's syndrome: Evidence against the hypothesis of association with a wide range of psychiatric phenotypes. (Abstract).Am. J. Hum. Genet. 43: 64.
Robertson, M. M., Channon, S., Baker, J., and Flynn, D. (1993). The psychopathology of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. A controlled study.Brit. J. Psychiat. 162: 114–117.
Sedler, M. J. (1985). The Legacy of Ewald Hecker: A New Translation of ‘Die Hebephrenie’.Am. J. Psychiat. 142: 1265–1271.
Solyom, L., DiNicola, D. F., Phil, M., Sookman, D., and Luchins, D. (1985). Is there an obsessive psychosis? Aetiological and prognostic factors of an atypical form of obsessive-compulsive neurosis.Canad. J. Psychiat. 30: 372–378.
Sverd, J., Montero, G., and Gurevich, N. (1993). Brief Report: Cases for an association between Tourette syndrome, austistic disorder, schizophrenia-like disorder.J. Autism Dev. Dis. 23: 407–413.
Young, J. G., and Solnit, A. J. (1981). Research on repetitive behaviors in childhood.Am. J. Psychiat. 138: 1598–1600.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kerbeshian, J., Burd, L. Tourette's syndrome: A developmental psychobiologic view. J Dev Phys Disabil 6, 203–218 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02578411
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02578411