Abstract
This study presents data concerning long-term trends after neutralization of four acidified lakes in two regions on the Swedish west coast. Neutralization was achieved by a di-Ca-silicate with 52% CaO and about 11.5% MgO. Between 61 and 74% of the spread lime product dissolved during a 5 to 7 yr period.
The liming increased pH, from a range of 4.5 to 5.2 to near neutral and restored alkalinity in the range of 0.2 to 0.3 meq l−1 and the Ca-content became 3 to 4 times higher than before liming. In two lakes transparency decreased significantly presumably due to changed phytoplankton composition. These changes successively declined due to dilution and continuous acid loading.
The changes in water chemistry and development of stocked brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations initiated biotic changes. Phyto- and zooplankton communities reacted both instantly and later with successions in species composition. Changes of benthic macroinvertebrate species occured over several years, but some pelagic species, e.g. corixids were rapidly reduced due to predation of fish.
Observed changes were predominantly due to expanding populations of species present at very low abundances even during acid state of the lakes. Some organisms found during preacid state of the lakes did not establish new populations and this process may need a prolonged time with favorable conditions. Reacidification towards the end of the study period significantly stressed the brown trout population and also favored expansion of the filamentous algaMougeotia sp. andSphagnum sp. that almost vanished during the first year after liming.
Decreasing concentration of total P was not influenced by neutralization and may be mostly dependent on negative changes in the soils surrounding the lakes. If generally valid, this process may be an important factor for the oligotrophication of lakes in areas where acid deposition is high.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almer, B., Dickson, W., Ekström, C., Hörnström, E., and Miller, U.: 1974,Ambio 3, 30.
Almer, B., Dickson, W., Ekström, D., and Hörnström, E.: 1978, ‘Sulfur Pollution and the Aquatic Ecosystem’, in J. O. Nriagu (ed.),Sulfur in the Environment. Part II. Ecological Impacts, J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, p. 271.
Andersson, I., Grahn, O., Hultberg, H., and Landner, L.: 1975,Comparative Studies of Different Techniques for the Restoration of Acidified Lakes, Swedish Water and Air Poll. Res. Inst., Stockholm, STU Rep. 73-3651, 48 p.
Beamish, R. J. and Harvey, H. H.: 1972,J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29, 1131.
Bengtsson, B., Dickson, W., and Nyberg, P.: 1980,Ambio 1, 31.
Borgström, R. and Hendrey, G. R.: 1976, ‘pH tolerance of the first larval stages ofLepidurus arcticus (Pallas) and adultGammarus lacustris’, G. O. Sars (ed.), SNS IR 22/76, 37 p.
Broberg, O. and Persson, G.: 1981,Närsaltstillgång i försurade sjöar, Rep. from the Limnological institution, University of Uppsala, 55 pp.
De Costa, J. and Preston, C.: 1980,Hydrobiologia,70, 39.
Dickson, W.: 1975,Inst. Freshwater Res. Drottningholm, Sweden, Rep. No. 54, p. 8–20.
Dickson, W.: 1978a,Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 20, 851.
Dickson, W.: 1978b,Sura vatten — kalkade vatten och kalkningsbehovet för svenska vatten, National Swedish Environment Protection Board Publication series, PM 1010, 7 p.
Dillon, P. J., Yan, N. D., Scheider, W. A., and Conroy, N.: 1979,Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 13, 317.
Gjessing, E. T.: 1976,Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Aquatic Humus. Ann Arbor Science Publ., Ann Arbor.
Grahn, O.: 1977,Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 7, 295.
Grahn, O.: 1981, pers. comm.
Grahn, O. and Hultberg, H.: 1974,Effect of Acidification on the Ecosystem of Oliogotrophic Lakes — Integrated Changes in Species Composition and Dynamics, Swedish Water and Air Poll. Res. Inst., Gothenburg, Medd. No. 2, 12 p.
Grahn, O., Hultberg, H., and Landner, L.: 1974,Ambio 3, 93.
Granat, L. and Söderlund, R.: 1975,Atmospheric Deposition Due to Long and Short Distance Sources, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Stockholm. Rep. HC-32, 147 p.
Hendrey, G. R.: 1976,Effects of pH on the Growth of Periphytic Algae in Artificial Stream Channels, SNSF, IR 25/76, 50 p.
Hendrey, G. R. and Wright, R. F.: 1976,J. Great Lakes Res. 2, (Suppl. 1), 192.
Hendrey, G. R. and Vertucci, F.: 1980, in Drabløs, D. and Tollan, A. (eds.),Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF-project, Oslo-Ås, p. 314.
Henriksen, A.: 1980, in Drabløs, D. and Tollan, A. (eds.),Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF-project, Oslo-Ås, p. 68.
Henrikson, L., Oscarsson, H. G., and Stenson, J. A. E.: 1980, in Drabløs, D. and Tollan, A. (eds.),Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF-project, Oslo-Ås, p. 330.
Hultberg, H.: 1980,Metalleffekter i samband med försurning av sjöar, Svenska Gruvgöreningen, Meddelande No. 153.
Hultberg, H. and Stenson, J.: 1970,Fauna Flora 1, 11.
Hultberg, H. and Grahn, O.: 1975, Effects of Acid Precipitation on Macrophytes in Oligotrophic Swedish Lakes’,Proc. 1st. Spec. Symp. on Atmospheric Contribution to the Chemistry of Lake Waters. Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., Orilla, Ontario, 28 Sept.–1 Oct. 1975, p. 208.
Hultberg, H. and Johansson, S.: 1981,Nordic Hydrology 12, 51.
Hörnström, E., Ekström, C., Miller, U., and Dickson, W.: 1973,Försurningens inverkan på västkustsjöar. Information från Sötvattenslaboratoriet, Drottningholm, Sweden, No. 4, 81 p.
Hörnström, E.: 1980,Kalknings- och försurningseffekter på växtplankton i tre västkustsjöar. National Swedish Environment Protection Board, PM 1220, 55 p.
Jensen, K. W. and Snekvik, E.: 1972,Ambio 1, 223.
Lazarek, S.: 1980,Naturwissenschaften 67, 97.
Lee, Y. H.: 1981, pers. comm.
Leivestad, H., Hendrey, G., Muniz, I. P., and Snekvik, E.: 1976, in Braekke, F. (ed.),Impact of acid precipitation on forest and freshwater ecosystems in Norway, SNSF Res. Rep. No. 6/76: p. 87.
Mossberg, P. and Nyberg, P.: 1976,Försurningseffekter på bottenfauna och fisk o västra Skälsjön. Information från Sötvattenslaboratoriet, Drottningholm, Sweden, No. 9, 23 p.
Muniz, I. P. and Leivestad, H.: 1979,Langtidseksponering av fisk til surt vann. Forsøk med bekkerøye Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, SNSF IR No. 44/79, 32 p.
Muniz, I. P. and Leivestad, H.: 1980, in Drabløs, D. and Tollan, A. (eds.),Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF-porject, Oslo-Ås, p. 320.
National Board of Fisheries and National Environment Protection Board: 1981,Kalkning av sjöar och vattendrag 1977–1981, Inf. Inst. Freshwater Res. Drottningholm, Sweden, No. 4, 201 p.
Odén, S.: 1968,Nederbördens och luftens försurning — deposition, förlopp och verkan i olika miljöer, Stockholm, 86 p.
Overrein, L. N., Seip, H. M., and Tollan, A.: 1980,Acid Precipitation — Effects on Forest and Fish, SNSF-project, Oslo-Ås, Res. Rep. No. 19/80, 175 p.
Persson, G., Holmgren, S. K., Jansson, M., Lundgren, A., Nyman, B., Solander, D., and Ånell, C.: 1977, ‘Phosphorus and Nitrogen and the Regulation of Lake Ecosystems. Experimental Approaches in Subarctic Sweden’, inProc. from ‘Circumpolar conference on Northern Ecology’, Sept. 1975, Ottawa, Can.
Raddum, G.: 1980, in Drabløs, D. and Tollan, A. (eds.),Ecological Impact Of Acid Precipitation, SNSF-project, Oslo-Ås, p. 340.
Renberg, I. and Hellberg, T.: 1981,The pH-history of Lakes in SW Sweden. as Deduced from the Diatom Flora of the Sediments, Manuscript, Inst. for Ecological Botany, University of Umeå, Sweden.
Schindler, D. W.: 1980, in Drabløs, D. and Tollan, A. (eds.),Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF-project, Oslo-Ås, p. 370.
Schindler, D. W., Wagemann, R., Cook, R. B., Ruszczynski, T., and Prokopowich, J.: 1980,Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 37, 342.
Schmul, R.: 1969,Sjö och fiskeriundersökningar i Härskogsreservatet, Report for Göteborgsregionens Kommunalförbund.
Stenson, J. A. E., Bohlin, T., Henriksson, L., Nilsson, B. I., Nyman, H. G., Oscarsson, H. G., and Larsson, P.: 1978,Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 20, 794.
Tirén, T.: 1981,Den interna svavel- och kväveomsättningens betydelse för försurning av limniska ekosystem, National Swedish Environment Protection Board. PM 1376, 68 p.
Wilander, A. and Ahl, T.: 1972,Vatten 5, 431.
Wright, R. F. and Snekvik, E.: 1978,Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 20, 765.
Økland, J.: 1979,Fauna (Oslo)32, 96.
Økland, J. and Økland, K. A.: 1980, in Drabløs, D. and Tollan, A. (eds.),Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, SNSF-project, Oslo-Ås, p. 326.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hultberg, H., Andersson, I.B. Liming of acidified lakes: Induced long-term changes. Water Air Soil Pollut 18, 311–331 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02419420
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02419420