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The immunologic response to thermal injury

  • World Progress In Surgery
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Abstract

Thermal injury is associated with altered immune defense. Extensive and deep thermal injuries lead to depressed immune defense function with both cellular and humoral defense affected. There is an intricate interaction between various components of the immune system. The altered specific immune response is seen as a depressed ability to produce active rosette-forming cells. Depressed stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation as well as the mixed lymphocyte response have also been recorded following burns. These effects are modulated by the release of kinins, prostaglandins, anaphylatoxins, superoxides, and leukotrienes, all of which can influence the inflammatory response following thermal injury. The humoral immunity is altered as seen by decreased levels of immunoglobulins, activation of complement with release of anaphylatoxins, and formation of membrane attacking complexes leading to inflammation and cytolysis. The immune response to burns is also affected by factors other than this injury, such as nutrition or diseases such as diabetes mellitus or disorders of the lymphoproliferative type. The immune response is also influenced by some drugs used for other reasons such as steroids, chemotherapeutic agents, and topical agents used for burn wound care. The immune reaction to a burn is also influenced by the additive effect of superimposed infections. Removal of injured tissue without the need for extensive transfusion will improve the ability of the burned patients to use their immune defense system in a fruitful way.

Résumé

Les brûlures s'accompagnent d'une altération des mécanismes de défense immunologique. En effet, les brûlures profondes et étendues provoquent une diminution des fonctions cellulaires et humorales, avec des interactions entre les différentes composantes du système immunitaire. Une des traductions de cette dépression de la fonction immunologique est l'incapacité de produire des rosettes. Chez les brûlés, on a décrit également une diminution de la prolifération lymphocytaire et une réponse lymphocytaire mixte. Ces effets sont induits par la libération des kinines, des prostaglandines, des anaphylatoxines, des superoxydes et des leukotriènes, substances qui peuvent influencer la réponse inflammatoire après une agression thermique. L'immunité humorale est altérée comme en attestent la diminution du taux des immunoglobulines, l'activation du complément avec libération des anaphylatoxines et la formation de complexes qui attaquent la membrane cellulaire, entraînant inflammation et cytolyse. La réponse immune aux brûlures est également affectée par d'autres facteurs tel que l'état nutritionnel, certaines pathologies comme le diabète et les maladies lymphoprolifératives. La réponse immune est également influencée par certains médicaments comme les corticoïdes, les antibiotiques et produits à usage local employés dans les soins des brûlures. La réaction immune des brûlures est également perturbée par les surinfections. L'excision des tissus ne s'accompagnant pas de transfusions importantes aidera ces patients à garder leur capital immun.

Resumen

La lesión térmica se asocia con una alteración en la defensa inmunitaria. Las lesiones térmicas extensas y profundas inducen depresión de la función de defensa inmunitaria, afectando tanto los mecanismos de defensa celular como los de defensa humoral. Existe una compleja interacción entre los varios componentes del sistema inmune. La alteración de la respuesta inmunitaria específica se observa como una disimunción de la habilidad para producir células conformadoras de rosetas. Una disminuida estimulación de la proliferación linfocitaria, así como la respuesta linfocítica mixta también han sido registradas en pacientes quemados. Tales efectos son modulados por la liberación de citocinas, prostaglandinas, anafilatoxinas, superóxides y leucotrienos, agentes todos que pueden influenciar la respuesta inflamatoria a la quemadura. La inmunidad humoral resulta alterada a juzgar por niveles disminuidos de inmunoglobulinas, activación del complemento con liberación de anafilatoxinas y formación de complejos que atacan las membranas, lo cual lleva a la inflamación y la citolisis. La respuesta inmunitaria en las quemaduras también resulta afectada por factores diferentes tales como desnutrición, ciertas enfermedades como la diabetes mellitus o entidades de tipo linfoproliferativo. La respuesta inmunitaria también es influenciada por ciertas drogas que se utilizan para otros propósitos, tales como esteroides, algunos agentes quimioterapéuticos y agentes de uso tópico usados para el cuidado de la herida, así como por el efecto aditivo de una infección superpuesta. La remoción de los tejidos lesionados sin la necesidad de grandes transfusiones mejora la capacidad del paciente quemado para utilizar su sistema de defensa inmunitaria en una forma fructífera.

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Heideman, M., Bengtsson, A. The immunologic response to thermal injury. World J. Surg. 16, 53–56 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067115

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