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The effect of islet transplantation on complications in experimental diabetes of the rat

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Abstract

Experimental diabetes in the rat induces secondary complications of kidney, eye, and nervous system similar to the changes observed in humans. Transplantation of a sufficient number of isolated islets from isogeneic donors inhibits or reverses those lesions. Detailed studies have been made in order to examine renal glomerular and tubular lesions in diabetic rats prior to and following transplantation. Streptozotocin-treated rats after 2 to 3 months begin to develop renal lesions with severe morphological changes, such as enlargement of the mesangial space, thickening of the capillary wall, deposition of IgG and C3, vacuolization of the tubular epithelial cells, and protein casts. Functional disturbances including increased glomular filtration rate, proteinuria, accumulation of basement membrane products (glucosyltransferase in the kidney, laminin P2, 7-S collagen in serum), and increased excretion of brush border enzymes in the urine also developed. Intraportal islet transplantation leading to normalization of fasting blood glucose and insulin and of body weight either prevented these lesions or reversed early changes. Advanced renal changes are not reversible; however, further progression is halted. The experimental data support the view that rigid control in human diabetics may help to prolong the phase without secondary complications and that islet transplantation in the future may be a useful therapy.

Résumé

Le diabète expérimental provoque chez le rat des complications rénales, oculaires et nerveuses proches de celles observées au cours du diabète insulinodépendant chez l'homme. La greffe d'un nombre suffisant d'îlots isolés de donneur génétiquement identiques limite ou fait régresser ces lésions. Les lésions glomérulaires et tubulaires des rats diabétiques ont été explorées en détail avant et après transplantation. Les rats rendus diabétiques par la streptozotocine présentent leurs premières lésions rénales après 2–3 mois, avec des altérations morphologiques et fonctionnelles graves telles qu'un élargissement de l'espace mésangial, un épaississement des parois capillaires, des dépôts d'IgG et de C3, une vacuolisation des cellules épithéliales tubulaires, et des moules protéiniques.

Les troubles fonctionnels comprennent une augmentation des débits de filtration glomérulaire, une protéinurie, l'accumulation de composants de la membrane basale comme la glycosyltransférase dans le rein, de laminine P2, de collagène 7S dans le sérum, et l'excrétion urinaire accrue d'enzymes de la bordure en brosse. La transplantation intraportale d'îlots entraînent une normalisation de la glycémie et de l'insulinémie à jeûn, et du poids corporel, prévient l'apparition de ces lésions et fait régresser les lésions à un stade peu évolué. Les lésions rénales plus avancées ne sont pas réversibles mais leur évolution est stoppée. Les données expérimentales suggèrent qu'un équilibre strict du diabète chez l'homme peut prolonger la période où il n'y a aucune complication dégénérative, et permettent d'envisager la transplantation d'îlots comme un traitement d'avenir.

Resumen

La diabetes experimental en ratas induce complicaciones secundarias en el riñón, ojo y sistema nervioso similares a los observados en el humano. El transplante de cantidad suficiente de islotes aislados de donantes isogeneicos inhibe o revierte estas lesiones. Estudios detallados se han llevado a cabo para examinar lesiones glomerulares y tubulares en ratas diabéticas antes y después del transplante de islotes. Ratas tratadas conestreptozotocin por 2 o 3 meses comenzaron a desarrollar lesiones renales con cambios morfológicos y funcionales severos como agrandamiento del espacio de merangio, engrosamiento de la pared capilar, deposición de IgG y C3, vacuolización de las células epiteliales tubulares y cilindros proteinaceos. Los cambios funcionales incluyen aumento de la tasa de filtración glomerular, proteinuria; acumulación en la membrana basal de productos como la glucosiltransferasa, laminín P2; colágeno 7S en el suero y del aumento en la excreción urinaria de enzimas del epitelio tubular. El transplante de islotes intraportal que normaliza la glicemia en ayuno, la insulina en ayuno y el peso corporal, previene las lesiones descritas y revierte cambios tempranos. Los cambios renales severos no son reversibles pero su progresión es eliminada. Estos resultados experimentales respaldan el concepto que el control rígido de la glicemia en diabéticos prolonga la fase sin complicaciones secundarias y que el transplante de islotes en el futuro se desarrollará como una forma terapéutica para la diabetes.

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Federlin, K.F., Bretzel, R.G. The effect of islet transplantation on complications in experimental diabetes of the rat. World J. Surg. 8, 169–178 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655132

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