Abstract
The effect of solvent type on solvent-pesticide interactions was examined by interacting the fungicide captan with the solvents acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), andN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), using growth of the fungiPythium ultimum, Sclerotinia homeocarpa, andPestalotia sp. as a toxicity criterion. DMF, ethanol, and methanol were generally the most toxic solvents tested, yielding EC50 values from 0.51 to 2.29% (v/v). The least toxic solvent was hexane, with EC50 values up to 36.60% (v/v). Acetone and DMSO evidenced median toxicity, yielding EC50 values of 1.99 to 12.07% (v/v). WithP. ultimum andS. homeocarpa, captan interacted synergistically with all solvents tested except hexane, with the actual solvent concentration at which synergism occurred being dependent upon the level of captan. Hexane interacted additively with 2.5 ppm captan towardsS. homecarpa, antagonistically with 5.0 ppm captan towardsP. ultimum and synergistically with captan in all other combinations tested. WithPestalotia sp., captan interacted antagonistically with acetone, ethanol, and methanol, and synergistically with hexane, DMSO, and DMF. Captan was more toxic towardsP. ultimum when dissolved in DMSO, and less toxic in the presence of hexane and DMF. WithS. homeocarpa, captan was more toxic with ethanol and DMSO, and less toxic when dissolved in acetone, methanol, and hexane. DMSO and hexane elicited less toxicity from captan when tested towardsPestalotia sp., while acetone, ethanol, and methanol elicited the greatest toxicity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agriculture Canada (1982a) Captan update. Pest Information 4(2):3–4
— (1982b) Captan announcement. Pest Information 4(3): 1–2
Bennett JW, Lee LS, Gaar GG (1976) Effect of acetone on production of aflatoxins and versicolorin pigments by resting cell cultures ofAspergillus parasiticus. Mycopathologia 58:9–12
Berglind R, Dave G (1981) Influence of a co-solvent (acetone) and ultrasonication on the acute toxicity of a quaternary amine (Aliquat 336) and an organophosphorus compound (HDEHP) toDaphnia magna. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27:316–325
Bezemer LD, Da Costa EWB, Gay FJ (1973) Suitability of solvents and dyes for use in laboratory bioassays with fungi and termites. Int Biodetn Bull 9:101–104
Bowman MC, Oller WL, Cairns T (1981) Stressed bioassay systems for rapid screening of pesticide residues. Part I: evaluation of bioassay systems. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 10:9–24
Burrell RE, Corke CT (1980) Interactions of the solvent acetone with the fungicides benomyl and captan in fungal assays. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 25:554–561
Burrell RE, Stratton GW, Corke CT (1980) Interactions of pesticides and solvents in microbial sensitivity tests. Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci 975:123–130
Dalela RC, Bansal SK, Gupta AK, Verma SR (1979) Effect of solvents onin vitro pesticides inhibition of ATPase in certain tissues ofLabeo rohita. Water Air Soil Pollut 11:201–205
Gowing, DP (1960) Comments on tests of herbicide mixtures. Weeds 8:379–391
Hughes JS, Vilkas AG (1983) Toxicity ofN,N-dimethyl-form-amide used as a solvent in toxicity tests with the green algaSelenastrum capricornutum. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 31:98–104
LeBlanc GA, Surprenant DC (1983) The acute and chronic toxicity of acetone, dimethylformamide, and triethylene glycol toDaphnia magna (Straus). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12:305–310
Linden E, Bengtsson BE, Svanberg O, Sundstrom G (1979) The acute toxicity of 78 chemicals and pesticide formulations against two brackish water organisms, the bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and the harpacticoidNitocra spinipes. Chemosphere 8:843–851
Mac MJ, Seelye JG (1981) Potential influence of acetone in aquatic bioassays testing the dynamics and effects of PCBs. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27:359–367
Majewski HS, Klaverkamp JF, Scott DP (1978) Acute lethality and sub-lethal effects of acetone, ethanol, and propylene glycol on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Water Res 12:217–221
Parasher CD, Ozel M, Geike F (1978) Effect of hexachloroben-zene and acetone on algal growth: Physiology and ultrastructure. Chem Biol Inter 20:89–95
Rowe EL, Ziobro RJ, Wang CJK, Dence CW (1982) The use of an algaChorella pyrenoidosa and a duckweedLemna perpusilla as test organisms for toxicity bioassays of spent bleaching liquors and their components. Environ Pollut A27:289–296
Stratton GW, Corke CT (1981a) Effect of acetone on the toxicity of atrazine towards photosynthesis in Anabaena. J Environ Sci Health B16:21–33
— (1981b) Interaction between acetone and two pesticides towards several unicellular green algae. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27:13–16
Stratton GW, Burrell RE, Kurp ML, Corke CT (1980) Interactions between the solvent acetone and the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin on activities of the blue-green algaAnabaena. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 24:562–569
Stratton GW, Burrell RE, Corke CT (1982) Technique for identifying and minimizing solvent-pesticide interactions in bioassays. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11:437–445
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Committee non Methods for Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Organisms (1975) Methods for acute toxicity tests with fish, macroinvertebrates and amphibians. US Environ Protection Agency, Ecol Res Ser EPA-660/3-75-009, National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, MN
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stratton, G.W. The influence of solvent type on solvent-pesticide interactions in bioassays. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14, 651–658 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055771
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055771