Summary
The histopathology of the ordinary form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is subject to considerable variation, depending on the duration and severity of the disease as well as on the age and species of the animal subject. In addition there are four distinct varieties that are characterized according to manner of production, location in the central nervous system (CNS) and histopathology. Localized EAE differs from ordinary EAE primarily in its topographic restriction to the environs of a CNS injury. Hyperacute EAE is produced with the aid of pertussis vaccine as sole or ancillary adjuvant; the histopathology features exudation of fibrin, edema fluid and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The same process occurs in localized hyperacute EAE, but lesions are restricted to the perimeter of a CNS injury. All these forms of EAE can be produced by active immunization with CNS antigen and adjuvants, or by passive immunization with living lymphoid cells taken from actively immunized donors. Neutrophilic EAE has been described only after passive immunization inasmuch as it requires the transfer of encephalitogenic cells from a donor to a recipient with a drug-induced relative neutrophilia. The lesions of neutrophilic EAE contain a remarkable number of neutrophils, but fibrin and edema are not conspicuous. The technique of passive immunization has made it possible to produce this unique variant of EAE, and it has also facilitated studies of the evolution of lesions, the role of nonspecific cells, the effects of multiple attacks, and the effects of therapeutic modalities in all the forms of EAE.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvord, E. C., Jr.: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and allergic neuro-encephalopathies. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 9, P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn, Eds., pp. 500 to 571. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. 1970
Behan, P. O., Kies, M. W., Lisak, R. P., Sheremata, W., Lamarche, J. B.: Immunologic mechanisms in experimental encephalomyelitis in nonhuman primates. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.)29, 4–9 (1973)
Bogdanove, L. H., Clark, G.: The induction of exacerbations of allergic meningoencephalomyelitis. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol.16, 57–60 (1957)
Clark, G., Bogdanove, L. H.: The induction of the lesions of allergic meningoencephalomyelitis in a predetermined location. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol.14, 433–437 (1955)
Falk, G. A., Kies, M. W., Alvord, E. C., Jr.: Passive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Mechanisms of suppression. J. Immunol.103, 1248–1253 (1969)
Ferraro, A., Roizin, L.: Neuropathologic, perivenous encephalomyelitis, diffuse encephalomyelitis, patchy gliosis. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol.13, 60–89 (1954)
Gerber, R. C., Whitehouse, M. W., Orr, K. J.: Effect of gold preparations on the development and passive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)140, 1379–1384 (1972)
Hoenig, E. M., Levine, S.: Three localized forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: An ultrastructural comparison. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol.33, 251–259 (1974)
Khan, A., Levine, S.: Further studies on the inhibition of allergic encephalomyelitis byl-asparaginase. J. Immunol.113, 367–370 (1974)
Lampert, P.: Electron microscopic studies on ordinary and hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Acta neuropath. (Berl.)9, 99–126 (1967)
Levine, S.: Localization of allergic encephalomyelitis in lesions of cyanide encephalopathy. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol.19, 238–247 (1960)
Levine, S.: Presidential address: Allergic encephalomyelitis: Cellular transformation and vascular blockade. J. Neuropath. exp. Neurol.29, 6–20 (1970)
Levine, S.: Relationship of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to human disease. In: Immunological Disorders of the Nervous System. Res. Publ. Ass. Res. nerv. ment. Dis.49, 33–49 (1971)
Levine, S., Hoenig, E. M.: Induced localization of allergic adrenalitis and encephalomyelitis at sites of thermal injury. J. Immunol.100, 1310–1318 (1968)
Levine, S., Hoenig, E. M.: A new form of localized allergic encephalomyelitis featuring polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes. Amer. J. Path.64, 13–30 (1971)
Levine, S., Sowinski, R.: Passive transfer of allergic adrenalitis and encephalomyelitis with whole blood. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)129, 221–222 (1968)
Levine, S., Sowinski, R.: Reduction of allergic encephalomyelitis incubation period to five days. Amer. J. Path.56, 97–109 (1969)
Levine, S., Sowinski, R.: The role of mononuclear cell deficiency in the production of neutrophilic allergic encephalomyelitis: Parabiosis experiments. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)141, 664–668 (1972)
Levine, S., Sowinski, R.: Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis: A localized form produced by passive transfer and pertussis vaccine. Amer. J. Path.73, 247–260 (1973)
Levine, S., Strebel, R.: Allergic encephalomyelitis: Inhibition of cellular passive transfer by exogenous and endogenous steroids. Experientia (Basel)25, 189–190 (1969)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: Effect of induced localization on incidence and distribution of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neurology (Minneap.)10, 1090–1095 (1960)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: Studies on the mechanisms of altered susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Amer. J. Path.39, 419–441 (1961)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: A hyperacute form of allergic encephalomyelitis. Amer. J. Path.47, 61–88 (1965)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: Passive transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis: Acceleration by adrenalectomy. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)123, 301–303 (1966a)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: Exacerbation and transformation of allergic encephalomyelitis by pertussis vaccine. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)122, 115–118 (1966b)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: Central nervous system hemorrhages induced by heparin in rats with allergic encephalomyelitis. Thrombos. Diathes. haemorrh. (Stuttg.)16, 296–301 (1966c)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis: Lymphatic system as site of adjuvant effect of pertussis vaccine. Amer. J. Path.50, 465–483 (1967a)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J.: Rapid passive transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol.90, 1277–1285 (1967b)
Levine, S., Zimmerman, H. M., Wenk, E. J., Gonatas, N. K.: Experimental leukoencephalopathies due to implantation of foreign substances. Amer. J. Path.42, 97–117 (1963)
Levine, S., Hirano, A., Zimmermann, H. M.: Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis. Electron microscopic observations. Amer. J. Path.47, 209–221 (1965)
Levine, S., Simon, J., Wenk, E. J.: Edema of the spinal cord in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)123, 539–541 (1966a)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J., Devlin, H. B., Pieroni, R. E., Levine, L.: Hyperacute allergic encephalomyelitis: Adjuvant effect of pertussis vaccines and extracts. J. Immunol.97, 363–368 (1966b)
Levine, S., Hoenig, E. M., Wenk, E. J.: Altered distribution of lesions after repeated passive transfers of allergic encephalomyelitis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)126, 454–458 (1967a)
Levine, S., Wenk, E. J., Hoenig, E. M.: Passive transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis between inbred rat strains: Correlation with transplantation antigens. Transplantation5, 534–541 (1967b)
Levine, S., Prineas, J., Scheinberg, L. C.: Allergic encephalomyelitis: Inhibition of cellular passive transfer by x-radiation. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)131, 986–990 (1969)
Levine, S., Hoenig, E. M., Kies, M. W.: Allergic encephalomyelitis: Immunologically specific inhibition of cellular passive transfer by encephalitogenic basic proteins. Clin. exp. Immunol.6, 503–517 (1970)
Levine, S., Cochrane, C. G., Carpenter, C. B., Behan, P. O.: Allergic encephalomyelitis: Effect of complement depletion with cobra venom. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)138, 285–289 (1971)
Morse, S. I., Barron, B. A.: Studies on the leukocytosis and lymphocytosis induced by Bordetella pertussis. III. The distribution of transfused lymphocytes in pertussis-treated and normal mice. J. exp. Med.132, 663–672 (1970)
Oldstone, M. B. A., Dixon, F. J.: Immunohistochemical study of allergic encephalomyelitis. Amer. J. Path.52, 251–263 (1968)
Pabst, H., Dupuy, J.-M.: Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis with plasma factors. Fed. Proc.29, 622 (abstract) (1970)
Paterson, P. Y.: Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by means of lymph node cells. J. exp. Med.111, 119–136 (1960)
Paterson, P. Y.: Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis. In: Textbook of Immunopathology, Vol. I, P. A. Miescher and H. J. Muller-Eberhard, Eds., pp. 132–149. New York: Grune and Stratton 1968
Paterson, P. Y., Hanson, M. A.: Cyclophosphamide inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and cellular transfer of the disease in Lewis rats. J. Immunol.103, 1311–1316 (1969)
Purdy, C. W., Loan, R. W.: Effect of irradiation on adoptive immunization in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Int. Arch. Allergy40, 842–850 (1971)
Raine, C. S., Wiśniewski, H., Prineas, J.: An ultrastructural study of experimental demyelination and remyelination. II. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the peripheral nervous system. Lab. Invest.21, 316–327 (1969)
Robson, G. S. M., McPherson, T. A., MacKay, I. R.: A histological dose response effect in guinea pigs injected with graded amounts of basic protein and peptides from human brain. Brit. J. exp. Path.52, 338–344 (1971)
Smith, S. B., Waksman, B. H.: Passive transfer and labelling studies on the cell infiltrate in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Path.99, 237–244 (1969)
Stone, S. H.: Transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis by lymph node cells in inbred guinea pigs. Science134, 619–620 (1961)
Stone, S. H., Lerner, E. M., II: Chronic disseminated allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.122, 227–240 (1965)
Stone, S. H., Lerner, E. M., II, Goode, J. H.: Acute and chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Age, strain, and sex dependency. The importance of the source of antigen. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.)132, 341–344 (1969)
Stone, S. H., Lerner, E. M., II, Myers, R. E., Niemann, W. H.: Autoimmune encephalomyelitis and ocular lesions in monkeys sensitized during the neonatal period. Science151, 473–475 (1966)
Wenk, E. J., Levine, S., Warren, B.: Passive transfer of allergic encephalomyelitis with blood leucocytes. Nature (Lond.)214, 803–804 (1967)
Werdelin, O., McCluskey, R. T.: The nature and the specificity of mononuclear cells in experimental autoimmune inflammations and the mechanisms leading to their accumulation. J. exp. Med.133, 1242–1263 (1971)
Werdelin, O.: The origin and specificity of mononuclear cells in experimental autoimmune inflammations. Acta path. microbiol. scand., Sect. A, Suppl. No. 232, 1–91 (1972)
Whitehouse, D. J., Whitehouse, M. W., Pearson, C. M.: Passive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis and allergic encephalomyelitis in rats using thoracic duct lymphocytes. Nature (Lond.)224, 1322 (1969)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Levine, S. Hyperacute, neutrophilic, and localized forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: A review. Acta Neuropathol 28, 179–189 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00719023
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00719023