Summary
Retinula cells in the compound eye of the cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) were recorded intracellularly and stained with Lucifer yellow. Two different methods were used to determine the spectral sensitivity of these cells: a) the spectral scanning method, and b) the conventional flash method. Three spectral types, with S(λ)-curves close to the rhodopsin-absorption functions, were found withλ max at 332 nm (UV), 445 nm (blue) and 515 nm (green), respectively.
Blue receptors were only recorded in the anatomically specialized dorsal rim area (DRA), and UV and green receptors in the dorsal region of the pigmented part of the eye, whereby green receptors were only found in the ventral eye. On the basis of these results, model calculations are presented for di- and trichromatic colour vision in the cricket.
The fluorescence markings revealed green receptors whose axons project with short visual fibres to the lamina, and a UV receptor with a long visual fibre which projects through the lamina to the medulla. The blue receptors send their axons either to the lamina and medulla (long visual fibres) or only to the lamina (short visual fibres).
The temporal dynamics of the three receptor types were examined. The blue receptors lack a phasic component of the receptor potential, and the time from stimulus on-set to peak potential is strongly increased compared to the UV and green receptors. Light adaptation reduces the latency to less than half of the dark adapted state.
Spectral adaptation experiments revealed an ‘unidirectional coupling’ between UV and green receptors, and it was found that polarization sensitivity (PS) in blue cells was much higher (PS= 6.5±1.5) than that of UV (PS=1.76±0.05) and green (2.26±0.57) receptors. The functional aspects of the three receptor types are discussed with respect to the presented physiological and morphological data.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- DA :
-
dorsal area
- DRA :
-
dorsal rim area
- PS :
-
polarization sensitivity
References
Backhaus W, Menzel R (1987) Color distance derived from a receptor model of color vision in the honeybee. Biol Cybern 55:1–11
Backhaus W, Menzel R, Kreißl S (1987) Multidimensional scaling of color similarity in bees. Biol Cybern 56:293–304
Bernays EA, Wrubel RP (1985) Learning by grasshoppers: association of color/light intensity with food. Physiol Entomol 10:359–369
Brunner D, Labhart T (1987) Behavioural evidence for polarization sensitivity in crickets. Physiol Entomol 12:1–10
Burghause FMHR (1979) Die strukturelle Spezialisierung des dorsalen Augenteils der Grillen (Orthoptera, Grylloidea). Zool Jb Physiol 83:502–525
Cornsweet TN (1970) Visual perception. Academic Press, New York
Ebrey T, Honig B (1977) New wavelength dependent visual pigment nomograms. Vison Res 17:147–151
Gogala M (1967) Die spektrale Empfindlichkeit der Doppelaugen vonAscalaphus macaronius Scop. (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae). Z Vergl Physiol 57:232–243
Gribakin FG, Vishnevskaya TM, Polyanovskii AD (1980) Polarization and spectral sensitivity of single photoreceptors of the domestic cricket. Neurophysiology 5:358–365
Hamdorf K, Gogala M (1973) Photoregeneration und Bereichseinstellung der Empfindlichkeit beim UV-Rezeptor. J Comp Physiol 86:231–245
Hardie RC (1986) The photoreceptor array of the dipteran retina. TINS 9:419–423
Hoff R (1985) Diurnal ultrastructural changes in the compound eye ofGryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera, Grylloidea) in particular the dorsal rim area. Zool Beitr N F 29:87–102
Helversen O von, Edrich W (1974) Der Polarisationsempfänger im Bienenauge: ein Ultraviolettrezeptor. J Comp Physiol 94:33–47
Huber F (1980) Zoologische Grundlagenforschung aus der Sicht eines Insektenbiologen. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges 12–37
Jud M, Labhart T (1985) The projections of the three spectral receptor types in the cricket compound eye. Experienta 41:1221
Kirschfeld K, Vogt K (1986) Does retinol serve a sensitizing function in insect photoreceptors? Vision Res 26:1771–1777
Kirschfeld K, Franceschini N, Minke B (1977) Evidence for a sensitising pigment in fly photoreceptors. Nature 269:386–390
Labhart T (1980) Specialized photoreceptors at the dorsal rim of the honeybee's compound eye: polarization and angular sensitivity. J Comp Physiol 141:19–30
Labhart T (1988) Polarization-opponent interneurons in the insect visual system. Nature 331:435–437
Labhart T, Hodel B, Valenzuela I (1984) The physiology of the cricket's compound eye with particular reference to the anatomically specialized dorsal rim area. J Comp Physiol A 155:289–296
Lambin M, Jeanrot N (1982) Donnés électrophysiologiques sur la rétine et le système visuel périphérique chezNemobius sylvestris. J Physiol (Paris) 78:310–316
Laughlin SB (1976) The sensitivities of dragonfly photoreceptors and the voltage gain of transduction. J Comp Physiol 111:221–247
Lipetz LE (1971) The relations of physiological and psychological aspects of sensory intensity. In: Loewenstein WR (ed) Principles of receptor physiology (Handbook of sensory physiology, vol I). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 191–225
Menzel R (1981) Achromatic vision in the honeybee at low light intensities. J Comp Physiol 141:389–393
Menzel R, Blakers M (1976) Colour receptors in the bee eye — morphology and spectral sensitivity. J Comp Physiol 108:11–33
Menzel R, Ventura DF, Hertel H, Souza JM de, Greggers U (1986) Spectral sensitivity and photoreceptors in insect compound eyes: comparison of species and methods. J Comp Physiol A 158:165–177
Meyer EP, Labhart T (1981) Pore canals in the cornea of a functionally specialized area of the honey bee's compound eye. Cell Tissue Res 216:491–501
Rost R, Honegger HW (1987) The timing of premating behavior in a field population of the cricketGryllus campestris L. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 21:279–289
Rushton WAH (1972) Pigments and signals in colour vision. J Physiol 220:1–31
Snyder AW, Menzel R, Laughlin SB (1973) Structure and function of the fused rhabdom. J Comp Physiol 87:99–135
Snyder AW, Stavenga DG, Laughlin SB (1977) Information capacity of eyes. Vision Res 17:1163–1175
Snyder AW (1979) The physics of vision in compound eyes. In: Autrum H (ed) Vision in invertebrates (Handbook of sensory physiology, vol. VII/6A). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 225–313
Srinivasan MV, Laughlin SB, Dubs A (1982) Predictive coding: a fresh view of inhibition in the retina. Proc R Soc Lond B216:427–459
Tsukahara AY, Horridge GA (1977) Interactions between two retinula cell types in the anterior eye of the drone fly (Eristalis). J Comp Physiol 115:287–298
Wasserman GS, Kong KL (1982) Wavelength-discrimination behaviour in the grasshopperPhlaeoba. Vision Res 22:757–765
Zufall F (1984) Physiologische und morphologische Charakterisierung der Retinulazellen im Komplexauge der Grillen (Gryllus bimaculatus), Diploma thesis, Freie Universität Berlin
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zufall, F., Schmitt, M. & Menzel, R. Spectral and polarized light sensitivity of photoreceptors in the compound eye of the cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus). J. Comp. Physiol. 164, 597–608 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00614502
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00614502