Skip to main content
Log in

Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man

II. Pharmacokinetics of metabolites

  • Original Investigations
  • Published:
Archives of Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Trichloroethylene (Tri) metabolites, i.e. chloral hydrate (Chl), trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), were administered to volunteers to determine the pharmacokinetic activity in the blood and urine. Immediate oxidation of Chl to TCA amounting to approx. 50% was followed by slow subsequent formation of TCA persisting for 30 h. TCA was also formed from TCE over a prolonged interval. After incorporation of Tri, Chl, or TCE, identical half-lives were found for TCE (approx. 12 h), while the TCA half-lives differed greatly, being most prolonged after Tri (approx. 100 h), somewhat lowered after Chl and TCE (approx. 65 h), and shortest after TCA (50 h). The reported findings indicate storage of both Tri and TCE in the tissues from which they are slowly released. As metabolite recovery invariably accounts for less than 50% of the doses ingested, it is suggested that additional pathways of elimination must be operative, chloroform constituting only a minor portion.

During industrial operations the degree of Tri inhalation varies considerably from one hour to the next and from day to day. Due to the completely different pharmacokinetic behavior of TCE and TCA, it is not permissible to evaluate previous exposure to Tri on the basis of the urinary TCE and/or TCA excretion.

Zusammenfassung

Die Metaboliten von Trichloräthylen (Tri), Chloralhydrat (Chl), Trichloräthanol (TCE) und Trichloressigsäure (TCA) werden an Probanden verabfolgt und ihre Pharmakokinetik in Blut und Harn verfolgt. Chl wird anfänglich sehr schnell zu TCA oxidiert (ca. 50%), danach folgt eine langsame, über 30 Std anhaltende Nachbildung. Auch aus TCE wird langanhaltend TCA gebildet. Nach Aufnahme von Tri, Chl oder TCE sind die Halbwertzeiten von TCE identisch (ca. 12 Std), die von TCA aber sehr verschieden: am längsten ist diese nach Tri (ca. 100 Std), geringer nach Chl und TCE (ca. 65 Std), am kürzesten nach TCA selbst (50 Std). Diese Befunde weisen auf eine Speicherung sowohl von Tri als auch von TCE im Gewebe mit langsamem Ausstrom. Stets werden weniger als 50% der aufgenommenen Dosen als Metaboliten wiedergefunden; es muß daher noch andere Eliminationswege geben, Chloroform nimmt nur einen unbedeutenden Anteil ein.

Tri wird in der Praxis in Mengen inhaliert, die von Stunde zu Stunde und von Tag zu Tag stark sehwanken. Da die Pharmakokinetik von TCE und TCA völlig unterschiedlich ist, ist es nicht gestattet, aus der Menge des im Harn ausgeschiedenen TCE und/oder TCA auf eine stattgehabte Tri-Exponierung zurückzurechnen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahlmark, A., Forssman, S.: The effect of trichloroethylene on the organism. Acta physiol. scand. 22, 326 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, A. H., Bodley, F. H.: Human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase: Partial purification and properties. Canad. J. Biochem. 47, 265 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, T. C.: Metabolic transformations of Tri. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 97, 84 (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Byington, H., Leibman, K. C.: Metabolism of trichloroethylene in liver microsomes. II. Identification of reaction product as chloral hydrate. Mol. Pharmacol. 1, 247 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. R., Friedman, P. J.: The enzymic oxidation of chloral hydrate to trichloroacetic acid. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1, 76 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, J. W.: The metabolism of 36Cl-labelled trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 12, 795 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkins, H. B.: Analyses of biological materials as indices of exposure to organic solvents. Arch. industr. Hyg. 9, 212 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertle, T., Henschler, D., Müller, G., Spassovski, M.: Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. I. The significance of trichloroethanol in long-term exposure conditions. Arch. Toxicol. 29, 171 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabre, R., Truhaut, R.: Contribution à l'étude de la toxicologie du trichloréthylène. Brit. J. industr. Med. 9, 39 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frant, R., Westendorp, J.: Medical control on exposure of industrial workers to trichloroethylene. Arch. industr. Hyg. 1, 308 (1950)

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, P. J., Cooper, J. R.: The role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the metabolism of chloral hydrate. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 129, 373 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean, E., Münchinger, R., Turrian, V., Haas, P. A., Knoepfel, H. K., Rosenmund, H.: Investigations into the effects of exposure to trichloroethylene in mechanical engineering. Brit. J. industr. Med. 12, 131 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Henschler, D., Müller, G.: Unpubl. (1973)

  • Ikeda, M., Ohtsuji, H., Imamura, T., Komoike, K.: Urinary excretion of total trichloro-compounds, trichloroethanol, and trichloroacetic acid as a measure of exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Brit. J. industr. Med. 29, 328 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmerle, G., Eben, A.: Metabolism, excretion and toxicology of trichloroethylene after inhalation. I. Experimental exposure on rats. Arch. Toxicol. 30, 115 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kündig, S., Högger, D.: Die Bedeutung der Tri- und Perchloräthylenmetaboliten im Urin. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 26, 306 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibman, K. C.: Metabolism of trichloroethylene in liver microcsomes. I. Charateristics of the reaction. Mol. Pharmacol. 1, 239 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, E. K., Owens, A. H.: Absorption, excretion and metabolic fate of chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 95, 1 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, G., Spassovski, M., Henschler, D.: Trichloroethylene exposure and trichloroethylene metabolites in urine and blood. Arch. Toxikol. 29, 335 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomiyama, K.: Estimation of trichloroethylene exposure by biological materials. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 27, 281 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomiyama, K., Nomiyama, H.: Metabolism of trichloroethylene in human. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 28, 37 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, A. H., Marshall, E. K.: Further studies on the metabolic fate of chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 96, 330 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Paykoç, Z. V., Powell, J. F.: The excretion of sodium trichloroacetate. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 85, 289 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers, E. M., Koch-Weser, J.: Kinetics and clinical importance of displacement of warfarin from albumin by acidic drugs. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 179, 213 (19/1)

  • Sellers, E. M., Lang, M., Koch-Weser, J., Le Blanc, E., Kalant, H.: Interaction of chloral hydrate and ethanol in man. I. Metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 13, 37 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Souček, B., Teisinger, J., Vlachova, D.: Chloroform jako metabolit trichloroethylenu. Pracov. Lék. 7, 143 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  • Souček, B., Vlachova, D.: Excretion of trichloroethylene metabolites in human urine. Brit. J. industr. Med. 17, 60 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R. D., Dodd, H. C., Gay, H. H., Erley, D. S.: Experimental human exposure to trichloroethylene. Arch. environm. Hlth 20, 64 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, S., Ikeda, M.: A method for determination of trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid in urine. Brit. J. industr. Med. 25, 214 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Müller, G., Spassovski, M. & Henschler, D. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. Arch. Toxicol. 32, 283–295 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00330110

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00330110

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation