Abstract
The ecology of phytoflagellates in Finnish brown-water lakes is discussed using results from three studies. The data allow analysis of both phytoflagellate community relationships and the autecology of dominant species.
Humic matter imparts a brown colour to most Finnish lakes. The consequent rapid warming of the water, shallow epilimnion and nutritional differences between epilimnion and hypolimnion are related to the migrations and nutritional pathways of flagellates in such systems. In large lakes migrations are not of such fundamental significance as in small forest lakes, where both illumination and the nutritional relationships may induce phytoflagellate migrations. The occurence of flagellates is more frequent and their dominance in the phytoplanktonic biomass is strongest in the most brown lakes, where independent motility is a particular advantage for the survival and competition of flagellates against other species.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arvola, L., 1983. Primary production and phytoplankton in two small, polyhumic forest lakes in S. Finland. Hydrobiologia 101: 105–110.
Arvola, L., 1984a. Vertical distribution of primary production and phytoplankton in two small lakes with different humus concentration in southern Finland. Holarct. Ecol. 7: 390–398.
Arvola, L., 1984b. Diel variation in primary production and the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in a polyhumic lake. Arch. Hydrobiol. 101: 503–519.
Arvola, L., K. Salonen, R.I. Jones, A. Heinänen & I. Bergström, 1987. A three day study of the diel behaviour of phytoplankton in a highly humic and steeply stratified lake. Arch. Hydrobiol. 109: 89–106.
Christie, C. E., J. P. Smol, P. Huttunen & J. Meriläinen, 1988. Chrysophyte scales recorded in lake sediments from eastern Finland. Hydrobiologia (this volume).
Elomaa, E., 1977.A comparison of the penetration of global short-wave radiation into four Finnish lakes. Publ. Univ. Joensuu Ser. BII (7): 1–13.
Eloranta, P. 1978. Light penetration in different types of lakes in Central Finland. Holarct. Ecol. 1: 362–366.
Eloranta, P., 1985. Notes on the scaled chrysophytes (Synuraceae, Chrysophyceae) in small lakes in and near Salamajärvi National Park, western Finland. Mem. Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 61: 77–83.
Granberg, K., 1973. The eutrophication and pollution of Lake Päijänne, Central Finland. Ann. bot. fenn. 10: 267–308.
Haapala, K., 1975. Eräiden aineiden geokemiallisesta kierrosta Pääjärvessä. Unpubl. manuscript.
Hakala, I., 1977. Sedimentation energy flow to the profundal of the oligotrophic lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland. Ann. bot. fenn. 14: 157–164.
Huttunen, P. & J. Meriläinen, 1983. Interpretation of lake quality from contemporary diatom assemblages. Hydrobiologia 103: 91–97.
Ilmavirta, K., P. Huttunen & J. Meriläinen, 1984. Phytoplankton in 151 Eastern Finnish lakes: Species composition and its relations to the water chemistry. Verb. internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 822–828.
Ilmavirta, K., V. Ilmavirta & A.-L. Kotimaa, 1974. Pääjärven kasviplankton. (Summary: Phytoplankton of Lake Pääjärvi),Luonnon Tutkija 78: 133–148, 192.
Ilmavirta, V., 1974. Diel periodicity in the phytoplankton community of the oligotrophic lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland. I. Phytoplanktonic primary production and related factors. Ann. bot. fenn. 11: 136–177.
Ilmavirta, V., 1975a. Diel periodicity in the phytoplankton community of the oligotrophic lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland. II. Late summer phytoplanktonic biomass. Ann. bot. fenn. 12: 37–44.
Ilmavirta, V., 1975b. Dynamics of phytoplanktonic production in the oligotrophic lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland. Ann. bot. fenn. 12: 45–54.
Ilmavirta, V., 1979. Sources and utilization of energy in Pääjärvi, an oligotrophic, brown-water lake in southern Finland. Ergebn. Limnol. 13: 212–224.
Ilmavirta, V., 1980. Phytoplankton in 35 Finnish brown-water lakes of different trophic status. Devel. Hydrobiol. 3: 121–130.
Ilmavirta, V., 1981. The ecosystem of the oligtrophic lake Pääjär-vi. 1. Lake basin and primary production. Verh. internat. Verein. Limnol. 21: 442–447.
Ilmavirta, V., 1982. Dynamics of phytoplankton in Finnish lakes. Hydrobiologia 86: 11–20.
Ilmavirta, V., 1983.The role of flagellated phytoplankton in chains of small brown-water lakes in southern Finland. Ann. bot. fenn. 20: 187–195.
Ilmavirta, V., 1984. The ecology of flagellated phytoplankton in brown-water lakes. Verb. internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 817–821.
Ilmavirta, V., K. Ilmavirta & A.-L. Kotimaa, 1974. Phytoplanktonic primary production during the summer stagnation in the eutrophicated lakes Lovojärvi, and Ormajärvi, southern Finland. Ann. bot. fenn. 11: 121–132.
Ilmavirta, V. & H. Toivonen, 1986. Comparative studies on macrophytes and phytoplankton in ten small brown-water lakes of different trophic status. Aqua Fennica 16: 125–142.
Jones, R. I., 1988. Vertical distribution and diel migration of flagellated phytonplankton in a small, humic lake. Hydrobiologia (this volume).
Jones, R.I. & L. Arvola, 1984. Light penetration and some related characteristics in small forest lakes in Southern Finland. Verh. internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 811–816.
Jones, R. I. & V. Ilmavirta, 1978. A diurnal study of the phytoplankton in the eutrophic lake Lovojärvi, Southern Finland. Arch. Hydrobiol. 83: 494–514.
Jones, R.I. & K. Salonen, 1985. The importance of bacterial utilization of released phytoplankton photosynthate in two humic forest lakes in southern Finland. Holarctic Ecol. 8: 133–140.
Järnefelt, H., 1958. Vesiemme luonnontalous. WSOY, Porvoo.
Keskitalo, J., 1977. The species composition and biomass of phytoplankton in the eutrophic lake Lovojärvi, southern Finland. Ann. bot. fenn. 14: 71–81.
Kuosa, H. & B. Marcussen, 1988. Grazing of bacteria and phytoplankton by heterotrophic nanoflagellates in a Baltic Sea sample. Hydrobiologia (this volume).
Kämäri, J., 1984. Suomen karujen pintavesistöjen happamoitumisherkkyys. (Summary: Sensitivity to acidification of small oligotrophic lakes of Finland.).Nat. Bd Waters, Finland. Rep. 239: 1–112.
Kämäri, J. 1985. A quantitative assessment of lake acidification in Finland. Aqua Fennica 15: 11–20.
Latja, R., 1974. Pääjärven eläinplankton. (Summary: Zooplankton of lake Pääjärvi), Luonnon Tutkija 78: 153–156, 192.
Lindholm, T.,1981. On the ecology of Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann) (Ciliata) in a stagnant brackish basin on Åland, SW Finland. Kiel Meeresforsch. Sonderheft 5: 117–123.
Lindholm, T., K. Weppling & H. S. Jensen, 1984. Stratification and primary production in a small brackish lake studied by close-interval siphon sampling. Verh. internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 2190–2194.
Meriläinen, J., P. Huttunen & K. Pirttiala,1981. Research strategy for the ecology of diatoms: the diatom study of 151 lakes in eastern Finland. In R. Ross (ed.), Proc. of the sixth symposium on recent and fossil diatoms: 413–423 Otto Koeltz, Koenigstein.
Ruuhijärvi, R., 1974. A general description of the oligotrophic Lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland, and the ecological studies on it. Ann. bot. fenn. 11: 95–104.
Ryhänen, R., 1968. Die Bedeutung der Humussubstanzen im Stoffhaushalt der Gewässer Finnlands. Mitt. internat. Verein. Limnol. 14: 168–178.
Salonen, K., 1974. Pääjärven bakteeriplankton. (Summary: Bacterioplankton of Lake Pääjärvi), Luonnon Tutkija 78: 149–152, 192
Salonen, K. & S. Jokinen, 1988. Flagellate grazing on bacteria in a small, dystrophic lake. Hydrobiologia (this volume).
Salonen, K. & T. Hammar,1986. Importance of dissolved organic matter in the nutrition of plankton in fresh waters. Oecologia 68: 246–253.
Salonen, K., R. I. Jones & L. Arvola, 1984. Hypolimnetic phosphorus retrieval by diel vertical migrations of lake phytoplankton. Freshwat. Biol. 13: 431–438.
Sarvala, J., V. Ilmavirta, L. Paasivirta & K. Salonen, 1981. The ecosystem of the oligotrophic lake Pääjärvi, 3. Secondary production and an ecological energy budget of the lake. Verh. internat. Verein. Limnol. 21: 454–459.
Toivonen, H., 1980. Kapea- ja leveäosmankäämien (Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia) runsaudenmuutoksista 30 vuoden aikana Tampereen seudun pikkujärvissä. (Abstract: Changes in occurrence of Typha angustifolia and T. latifolia during 30 years in small lakes near Tampere, southern Finland). Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 56: 119–126.
Toivonen, H., 1983. Changes in dominant macrophytes of 54: small Finnish lakes in 30 years. Proc. Internat. Symp. Aquat. Macrophytes, Nijmegen, Sept. 18–23, 1983: 220–224.
Toivonen, H., 1985. Changes in the pleustic macrophyte flora of 54 small Finnish lakes in 30 years. Ann. bot. fenn. 22: 37–44.
Toivonen, H. & J. Meriläinen, 1980. Impact of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica L.) on aquatic vegetation in small Finnish lakes. Devel. Hydrobiol. 3: 131–138.
Vollenweider, R.,1970. Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters, with particular reference to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication. OECD Publ., Paris, 194 pp.
Vollenweider, R. A. & P. Dillon, 1974. The application of the phosphorus loading concept to eutrophication research. Nat. Res. Council Canada No. 13690. 42 p. Burlington.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ilmavirta, V. Phytoflagellates and their ecology in Finnish brown-water lakes. Hydrobiologia 161, 255–270 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044116
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044116