Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cadmium as an Environmental Pollutant: Ecotoxicological Effects, Health Hazards, and Bioremediation Approaches for Its Detoxification from Contaminated Sites

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that enters the environment through various natural and anthropogenic sources and is a potential threat to most organisms including human beings. Cadmium is nondegradable in nature and hence once released to the environment stays in circulation. With progressive industrialization, the amount of this polluting toxic metal is increasing at an alarming rate. Humans get exposed to cadmium by ingestion (drinking or eating) or inhalation (breathing). Ailments such as bone disease, renal damage, and several forms of cancer are attributed to overexposure to cadmium. Bioremediation is an innovative and promising technology for the removal of heavy metals in polluted water and lands and is very attractive in comparison with physicochemical methods because of its lower cost and higher efficiency at low metal concentrations. In microbial remediation, microorganisms can be used at the site of contamination (in situ) or off the contamination site (ex situ) for remediation. Combining both microorganisms and plants is an approach to bioremediation that ensures a possible solution for heavy metal pollution since it includes sustainable remediation technologies to rectify and re-establish the natural condition of soil.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas SZ, Rafatullah M, Ismail N, Lalung J (2014) Isolation, identification, and characterization of cadmium resistant Pseudomonas sp. M3 from industrial wastewater. J Waste Manag:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/160398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abhilash PC, Jamil S, Singh N (2009) Transgenic plants for enhanced biodegradation and phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics. Biotechnol Adv 27:474–488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999) Toxicological profile for cadmium. US Department of Human and Health Services

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahner BA, Wei L, Oleson JR, Ogura N (2002) Glutathione and other low molecular weight thiols in marine phytoplankton under metal stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 232:93–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aksu Z, Kustal TA (1991) Bioseparation process for removing lead ions from wastewater by using Chlorella vulgaris. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 52:109–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén T, Järup L, Elinder CG (2002) Cadmium and lead in blood in relation to low bone mineral density and tubular proteinuria. Environ Health Perspect 110(7):699–702

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén T, Elinder CG, Hellström L, Lagarde F, Järup L (2004) Cadmium exposure and distal forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res 19(6):900–908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alsberg CL, Schwartze EW (1919) Pharmacological action of cadmium. J Pharmacol 13:504–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoshima K, Kasuya M (1991) Preliminary study on serum levels of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in cadmium induced renal tubular dysfunction. Toxicol Lett 57:91–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astolfi S, Zuchi S, Passera C (2005) Effect of cadmium on H+ATPase activity of plasma membrane vesicles isolated from roots of different S-supplied maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Plant Sci 169:361–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atagana HI, Haynes RJ, Wallis FM (2003) Optimization of soil physical and chemical conditions for the bioremediation of creosote-contaminated soil. Biodegradation 14(4):297–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (2008) Draft toxicological profile for cadmium. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

    Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (2012) Toxicological profile for cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.pdf

  • Bang SW, Clark DS, Keasling JD (2000) Engineering hydrogen sulphide production and cadmium removal by expression of the thiosulfate reductase gene (phsABC) from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3939

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baszynski T, Wajda L, Krol M, Wolinska D, Krupa Z, Tukendorf A (1980) Photosynthetic activities of cadmium-treated tomato plants. Physiol Plant 48:365–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benavides MP, Gallego SM, Tomaro ML (2005) Cadmium toxicity in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:21–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Mulla SI, Patel DK (2017a) Characterization and identification of recalcitrant organic pollutants (ROPs) in tannery wastewater and its phytotoxicity evaluation for environmental safety. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0490-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharagava RN, Saxena G, Chowdhary P (2017b) Constructed wetlands: an emerging phytotechnology for degradation and detoxification of industrial wastewaters. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Baco Raton, pp 397–426. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bharagava RN, Chowdhary P, Saxena G (2017c) Bioremediation: an ecosustainable green technology: Its applications and limitations. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Baco Raton, pp 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boomiathan M (2005) Bioremediation studies on dairy effluent using cyanobacteria. Ph.D. thesis, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Çabuk A, İlhan S, Filik C, úalişkan F (2005) Pb2+ biosorption by pretreated fungal biomass. Turk J Biol 29:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai S, Yue L, Hu Z, Zhong X, Ye Z, Xu H, Liu Y, Ji R, Zhang W, Zhang F (1990) Cadmium exposure and health effects among residents in an irrigation area with ore dressing wastewater. Sci Total Environ 90:67–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai XH, Logan T, Gustafson T, Traina S, Sayre RT (1995) Applications of eukaryotic algae for the removal of heavy metals from water. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 4:338

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns J Jr, Dickson KL (1971) A simple method for the biological assessment of the effects of waste discharge on aquatic bottom dwelling organisms. J Water Pollut Control Fed 43:722–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese EJ, Kenyon EM (1991) Air toxics and risk assessment. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra R, Saxena G, Kumar V (2015) Phytoremediation of environmental pollutants: an eco-sustainable green technology to environmental management. In: Chandra R (ed) Advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial waste, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Baco Raton, pp 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18218-2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Y, Zouari M, Gogorcena Y, Lucena JJ, Abadia J (2003) Effects of cadmium and lead on ferric chelate reductase activities in sugar beet roots. Plant Physiol Biochem 41:999–1005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaoui A, Mazhoudi S, Ghorbal MH, El Ferjani E (1997) Cadmium and zinc induction of lipid peroxidation and effects on antioxidant enzyme activities in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Sci 127:139–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Wilson DB (1997) Construction and characterization of Escherichia coli genetically engineered for bioremediation of Hg2+-contaminated environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2442–2445

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen B, Huang Q, Lin X, Shi Q, Wu S (1998) Accumulation of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb in pavlova viridis tseng (haptophyceae). J Appl Phycol 10:371–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chojnacka K, Chojnacki A, Gorecka H (2005) Trace element removal by Spirulina sp. from copper smelter and refinery effluents. Hydrometallurgy 73:147–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chompoothawat N, Wongthanate J, Ussawarujikulchai A, Prapagdee B (2010) Removal of cadmium ion from aqueous solution by exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium, Ralstonia sp. Fresenius Environ Bull 19:2919–2923

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comte S, Guibaud G, Baudu M (2008) Biosorption properties of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) towards Cd, Cu and Pb for different pH values. J Hazard Mater 151:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton FA (1999) Survey of transition-metal chemistry, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th edn. Wiley, Chichester, p 633

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham SD, Berti WR (1993) Remediation of contaminated soils with green plants: an overview. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 29(4):207–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das P, Samantaray S, Rout GR (1997) Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review. Environ Pollut 98:29–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das SK, Das AR, Guha AK (2007) A study on the adsorption mechanism of mercury on aspergillus versicolor. Biomass Environ Sci Technol 41:8281–8287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drebler J, Schulz K, Klemm M, Schuttig R, Beuthin A, Felscher D (2002) Lethal manganese-cadmium intoxication: a case report. Arch Toxicol 76:449–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Helow ER, Abdel-Fattah YR, Ghanem KM, Mohamad EA (2000) Application of the response surface methodology for optimizing the activity of an aprE-driven gene expression system in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 54(4):515–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA (2004) TRI on-site and off-site reported disposed of or otherwise released (in pounds), for facilities in all industries, for all chemicals, US

    Google Scholar 

  • European Food Safety Authority (2009) Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain: cadmium in food. EFSA J 980:1–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng J, Shi Q, Wang X, Wei M, Yang F, Xu H (2010) Silicon supplementation ameliorated the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrate metabolism by cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cucumis sativus. Sci Hortic 123(4):521–530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • French CJ, Dickinson NM, Putwain PD (2006) Woody biomass phytoremediation of contaminated brownfield land. Environ Pollut 141:387–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friberg L, Piscator M, Nordberg GF, Kjellstrom T (1974) Cadmium in the environment, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Cleveland

    Google Scholar 

  • Friberg L, Elinder CG, Kjellstrom T, Nordberg GF (1986) Cadmium and health: a toxicological and epidemiological appraisal, vol 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Fusconi A, Repetto O, Bona E, Massa N, Gallo C, Dumas-Gaudot E, Berta G (2006) Effects of cadmium on meristem activity and nucleus ploidy in roots of Pisum sativum L. cv. Frisson seedlings. Environ Exp Bot 58:253–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fusconi A, Gallo C, Camusso W (2007) Effects of cadmium on root apical meristems of Pisum sativum L.: cell viability, cell proliferation and microtubule pattern as suitable markers for assessment of stress pollution. Mut Res Genetic Toxicol Environ Mut 632:9–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallego SM, Benavides MP, Tomaro ML (1996) Effect of heavy metal ion excess on sunflower leaves: evidence for involvement of oxidative stress. Plant Sci 121:151–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Morales P, Saceda M, Kenney N, Kim N, Salomon DS, Gottardis MM, Solomon HB, Sholler PF, Jordan VC, Martin MB (1994) Effect of cadmium oil estrogen receptor levels aid estrogen-induced responses in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 269:16896–16901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam S, Kaithwas G, Bharagava RN, Saxena G (2017) Pollutants in tannery wastewater, pharmacological effects and bioremediation approaches for human health protection and environmental safety. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 369–396. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gill SS, Tuteja N (2010) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:909–930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goutam SP, Saxena G, Singh V, Yadav AK, Bharagava RN (2018) Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using leaf extract of Jatropha curcas L. for photocatalytic degradation of tannery wastewater. Chem Eng J 336:386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goyer RA, Liu J, Waalkes MP (2004) Cadmium and cancer of prostate and testis. Biometals 17:555–558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gratão PL, Polle A, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA (2005) Making the life of heavy metal-stressed plants a little easier. Funct Plant Biol 32:481–494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo J, Xu W, Ma M (2012) The assembly of metals chelation by thiols and vacuolar compartmentalization conferred increased tolerance to and accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. J Hazard Mater 199-200:309–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo TR, Zhang GP, Zhou MX, Wu FB, Chen JX (2007) Influence of aluminum and cadmium stresses on mineral nutrition and root exudates in two barley cultivars. Pedosphere 17:505–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadi F, Arifeen Muhammad ZU, Aziz T, Nawab S, Nabi G (2015) Phytoremediation of cadmium by Ricinus communis L. in hydroponic condition. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 15(6):1155–1162

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed M, Ebrahim O (2007) Review: biotechnological potential uses of immobilized algae. Int J Agric Biol 9:183–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamzah A, Hapsari RI, Wisnubroto EI (2016) Phytoremediation of Cadmium-contaminated agricultural land using indigenous plants. Int J Environ Agric Res 2(1):8–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Henson MC, Chedrese PJ (2004) Endocrine disruption by cadmium, a common environmental toxicant with paradoxical effects on reproduction. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229(5):383–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez LE, Carpena-Ruiza R, Garatea A (1996) Alterations in the mineral nutrition of pea seedlings exposed to cadmium. J Plant Nutr 19:1581–1598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herron N (2001) Cadmium compounds. In: Kirk-Othmer (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical technology, 5th edn. Wiley, New York, pp 507–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyno E, Klose C, Krieger-Liszkay A (2008) Origin of cadmium induced reactive oxygen species production: mitochondrial electron transfer versus plasma membrane NADPH oxidase. New Phytol 179:687–699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiatt V, Huff J (1975) The environmental impact of cadmium: an overview. Int J Environ Stud 7:277–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holleman AF, Wiberg E, Wiberg Nils (1985) Cadmium. Lehrbuch der AnorganischenChemie 91–100 (in German). Walter de Gruyter 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3

    Google Scholar 

  • HSDB (2009) Hazardous substances data bank. National Library of Medicine

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff J (1999) Value, validity, and historical development of carcinogenesis studies for predicting and confirming carcinogenic risks to humans. In: Kitchin K (ed) Carcinogenicity testing, predicting, and interpreting chemical effects. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 21–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff J, Lunn RM, Waalkes MP, Tomatis L, Infante PF (2007) Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans. Int J Occup Environ Health 13:202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1973) Cadmium and inorganic organic compounds. In: Some inorganic and organometallic compounds, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol. 2, pp 74–99

    Google Scholar 

  • IARC (1993) Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry. In: Working group views and expert opinions, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol. 58, pp 1–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Igwe JC, Nnorom IC, Gbaruk BCG (2005) Kinetics of radionuclides and heavy metals behaviour in soils: Implications for plant growth. Afr J Biotechnol 4(B):1541–1547

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Cadmium Association (2011.) Available at http://www.cadmium.org

  • Iram S, Uzma, Gul Rukh S, Ara T (2013) Bioremediation of heavy metals using isolates of filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus collected from polluted soil of Kasur, Pakistan. Int Res J Biol Sci 2(12):66–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam MM, Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MNA, Shimoishi Y, Nakamura Y, Murata Y (2009) Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase antioxidant enzyme activities and confer tolerance to cadmium stress in cultured tobacco cells. J Plant Physiol 166:1587–1597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarup L (2002) Cadmium overload and toxicity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17(Suppl 2):35–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ji P, Sun T, Song Y, Ackland ML, Liu Y (2011) Strategies for enhancing the phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated agricultural soils by Solanum nigrum L. Environ Pollut 159:762–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung K, Pergande M, Graubaum H-C, Fels LM, Endl U, Stolte H (1993) Urinary proteins and enzymes as early indicators of renal dysfunction in chronic exposure to cadmium. Clin Chem 39(5):757–765

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagawa J (1994) Atmospheric pollution due to mobile sources and effects on human health in Japan. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl):93–99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karina BB, Benavides MP, Gallego SM, Tomaro ML (2003) Effect of cadmium stress on nitrogen metabolism in nodules and roots of soybean plants. Funct Plant Biol 30:57–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlander EP, Krauss RW (1996) Responses of heterotrophic cultures of Chlorella vulgaris Beyerink to darkness and light. II. Action spectrum and mechanism of the light requirement for heterotrophic growth. J Plant Physiol 41:7–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kathal R, Priti Malhotra P, Chaudhary V (2016) Phytoremediation of Cadmium from polluted soil. J Bioremed Biodegr 7:6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazantzis G (1979) Renal tubular dysfunction and abnormalities of calcium metabolism in cadmium workers. Environ Health Perspect 28:155–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazantzis G (1987) Cadmium. In: Fishbein L, Furst A, Mehlman MA (eds) Genotoxic and carcinogenic metals: environmental and occupational occurrence and exposure, Adv Modern Environ Toxicol. Princeton Scientific Publishing, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellen E, Zeegers MP, Hond ED, Buntinx F (2007) Blood cadmium may be associated with bladder carcinogenesis: the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 31(1):77–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan NA, Samiullah, Singh S, Nazar R (2007) Activities of antioxidative enzymes, sulphur assimilation, photosynthetic activity and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars differing in yield potential under cadmium stress. J Agron Crop Sci 193(6):435–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kieffer P, Schroder P, Dommes J, Hoffmann L, Renaut J, Hausman JF (2009) Proteomic and enzymatic response of poplar to cadmium stress. J Proteome 72:379–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krajnc EI (1987) Integrated criteria document: Cadmium – effects, appendix. Bilthoven, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection. Report no. 758476004

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranner I, Colville L (2011) Metals and seeds: biochemical and molecular implications and their significance for seed germination. Environ Exp Bot 72:93–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar JI, Oommen C (2012) Removal of heavy metals by biosorption using freshwater alga Spirogyra hyaline. J Environ Biol 33(1):27–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane EA, Canty MJ, More SJ (2015) Cadmium exposure and consequence for health and productivity of farmed ruminants. Res Vet Sci 101:132–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis R (1997) Occupational exposures. In: LaDou J (ed) Occupational and environmental medicine. Appleton and Lange, Stamford

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Cao C, Wong M, Zhang Z, Chai Y (2010) Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake. J Environ Sci 22:1067–1072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu G-Y, Zhang Y-X, Chai T-Y (2011) Phytochelatin synthase of Thlaspi caerulescens enhanced tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals when expressed in yeast and tobacco. Plant Cell Rep 30(6):1067–1076

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Llewellyn TO (1994) Cadmium (materials flow). US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 9380. http://pubs.usgs.gov/usbmic/ic-9380/cadmium.pdf

  • Lovley DR, Lloyd JR (2000) Microbes with a metal for bioremediation. Nat Biotechnol 18:600–601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lozano-Rodriguez E, Hernandez LE, Bonay P, Carpena-Ruiz RO (1997) Distribution of cadmium in shoot and root tissues of maize and pea plants: physiological distribution. J Exp Bot 48:123–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo CL, Shen ZG, Lou LQ, Li XD (2006) EDDS and EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of metals from artificially contaminated soil and residual effects of chelant compounds. Environ Pollut 144:862–871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malik D, Sheoran S, Singh P (1992) Carbon metabolism in leaves of cadmium treated wheat seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 30:223–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannino DM, Holguin F, Greves HM, Savage-Brown A, Stock AL, Jones RL (2004) Urinary cadmium levels predict lower lung function in current and former smokers: data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Thorax 59:194–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margoshes M, Vallee BL (1957) A cadmium protein from equine kidney cortex. J Am Chem Soc 79(17):4813–4814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matagi SV, Swai D, Mugabe R (1998) A review of heavy metal removal mechanisms in wetlands. Afr J Trop Hydrobiol Fish 8:23–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead MN (2010) Cadmium confusion: do consumers need protection? Environ Health Perspect 118(12):A528–A534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mejáre M, Bülow L (2001) Metal-binding proteins and peptides in bioremediation and phytoremediation of heavy metals. Trends Biotechnol 19(2):67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metwally A, Safronova VI, Belimov AA, Dietz KJ (2005) Genotypic variation of the response to cadmium toxicity in Pisum sativum L. J Exp Bot 56:167–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milone MT, Sgherri C, Clijsters H, Navari-Izzo F (2003) Antioxidative responses of wheat treated with realistic concentration of cadmium. Environ Exp Bot 50:265–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittra B, Sharma S, Das A, Henry S, Das T, Ghosh P, Ghosh S, Mohanty P (2008) A novel cadmium induced protein in wheat: characterization and localization in root tissue. Biol Plant 52:343–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyadate H, Adachi S, Hiraizumi A, Tezuka K, Nakazawa N, Kawamoto T, Katou K, Kodama I, Sakurai K, Takahashi H, Satoh-Nagasawa N, Watanabe A, Fujimura T, Akagi H (2011) OsHMA3, a P18-type of ATPase affects root-to-shoot cadmium translocation in rice by mediating efflux into vacuoles. New Phytol 189:190–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra N, Rezvan Z, Seyed Ahmad M, Gharaie Mohamad Hosein M (2012) Studies of water arsenic and boron pollutants and algae phytoremediation in three springs, Iran. Int J Ecosys 2(3):32–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mojiri A (2011) The potential of corn (Zea mays) for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with cadmium and lead. J Biol Environ Sci 5(13):17–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow H (2001) Cadmium and cadmium alloys. In: Kirk-Othmer (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol 4, 5th edn. Wiley, New York, pp 471–507

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussa H, El-Gamal S (2010) Effect of salicylic acid pretreatment on cadmium toxicity in wheat. Biol Plant 54:315–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller JG, Cerniglia CE, Pritchard PH (1996) Bioremediation of environments contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Crawford RL, Crawford DL (eds) Bioremediation: principles and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 125–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee D, Panwar JS, Kumar M, Thakur Y, Kumari K, Singhania S (2015) Isolation and characterization of bioremediation potent microorganisms from spectrophotometrically analyzed heavy metal (Cr and Cd)-rich tannery effluent. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 6(3):760–766

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nawrot T, Plusquin M, Hogervorst J, Roels HA, Celis H, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Van Hecke E, Staessen JA (2006) Environmental exposure to cadmium and risk of cancer: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol 7(2):119–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Honda R, Tanebe K, Saito S, Teranishi H, Tawara K (2002) Effects of maternal exposure to cadmium on pregnancy outcome and breast milk. Occup Environ Med 59:394–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nogawa K, Kobayashi E, Okubo Y, Suwazono Y (2004) Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects and preventive measures in Japan. BioMetals 17:581–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordberg GF, Jin T, Kong Q, Ye T, Cai S, Wang Z, Zhuang F, Wu X (1997) Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure and renal effects in a population group residing in a polluted area in China. Sci Total Environ 199:111–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NTP (2004) Report on carcinogens, 11th edn. US Department of Health and Human Services

    Google Scholar 

  • NTP (2005) Report on carcinogens, 11th edn. US Department of Health and Human Services

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (1994) Risk reduction monograph no 5: cadmium. OECD environmental monograph series no 104. OECD Environment Directorate, Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey SK, Gupta K, Mukherjee AK (2007) Impact of cadmium and lead on Catharanthus roseus – a phytoremediation study. J Environ Biol 28(3):655–666

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pesch B, Haerting J, Ranft U, Klimpel A, Oelschlagel B, Schill W (2000). Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. MURC Study Group

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilon-Smits E (2005) Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Biol 5:15–39. Online at: www.arjournals.annualreviews.Org

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pond WG, Church DC, Pond KR (1995) Basic animal nutrition and feeding, 4th edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Popova L, Maslenkova L, Yordanova R, Krantev A, Szalai G, Janda T (2008) Salicylic acid protects photosynthesis against cadmium toxicity in pea plants. Gen Appl Plant Physiol Spec Issue 34(3–4):133–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popova LP, Maslenkova LT, Yordanova RY, Ivanova AP, Krantev AP, Szalai G, Janda T (2009) Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid attenuates cadmium toxicity in pea seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 47:224–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell GW, Miller WJ, Morton JD, Clifton CM (1964) Influence of dietary Cadmium level and supplemental Zinc on cadmium toxicity in the bovine. J Nutr 84:205–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad MNV (1995) Cadmium toxicity and tolerance in vascular plants. Environ Exp Bot 35:525–545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preetha B, Viruthagiri T (2005) Biosortion of zinc (II) by Rhizopus arrhizus: equilibrium and kinetic modeling. Afr J Biotechnol 4(6):506–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Priyalaxmi R, Murugan A, Raja P, Raj KD (2014) Bioremediation of cadmium by Bacillus safensis (JX126862), a marine bacterium isolated from mangrove sediments. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 3(12):326–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai LC, Gaur JP, Kumar HD (1981) Phycology and heavy-metal pollution. Biol Rev 56(2):99–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rascio N, Navari-Izzo F (2011) Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: How and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting? Plant Sci 180:169–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rascio N, Dalla Vecchia F, La Rocca N, Barbato R, Pagliano C, Raviolo M, Gonnelli C, Gabbrielli R (2008) Metal accumulation and damage in rice (cv. Vialone nano) seedlings exposed to cadmium. Environ Exp Bot 62:267–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin I, Smith RD, Salt DE (1997) Phytoremediation of metals: Using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Curr Opin Biotechnol 8(2):221–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy GN, Prasad MNV (1993) Tyrosine is not phosphorylated in cadmium-induced HSP cognate in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings: role in chaperone functions? Biochem Arch 9:25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BH, Schulin R, Nowack B, Roulier S, Menon M, Clothier BE, Green SR, Mills TM (2006) Phytoremediation for the management of metal flux in contaminated sites. For Snow Landsc Res 80:221–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Serrano M, Romero-Puertas MC, Zabalza ANA, Corpas FJ, Gomez M, Del Rio LA, Sandalio LM (2006) Cadmium effect on oxidative metabolism of pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots. Imaging of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide accumulation in vivo. Plant Cell Environ 29:1532–1544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahmoun AE, Case LD, Jackson SA, Schwartz GG (2005) Cadmium and prostate cancer: a critical epidemiological analysis. Cancer Investig 23:256–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salt DE, Blaylock M, Kumar PBAN, Dushenkov V, Ensley BD, Chet I, Raskin I (1995) Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology 13:468–474

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandalio LM, Dalurzo HC, Gomez M, Romero-Puertas MC, del Rio LA (2001) Cadmium-induced changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. J Exp Bot 52:2115–2126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena G, Bharagava RN (2015) Persistent organic pollutants and bacterial communities present during the treatment of tannery wastewater. In: Chandra R (ed) Environmental waste management, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 217–247. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19243-10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena G, Bharagava RN (2017) Organic and inorganic pollutants in industrial wastes, their ecotoxicological effects, health hazards and bioremediation approaches. In: Bharagava RN (ed) Environmental pollutants and their bioremediation approaches, 1st edn. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 23–56. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315173351-3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena G, Chandra R, Bharagava RN (2016) Environmental pollution, toxicity profile and treatment approaches for tannery wastewater and its chemical pollutants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 240:31–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2015_5009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena G, Purchase D, Mulla SI, Saratale GD, Bharagava RN (2019) Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: Eco-environmental concerns, field studies, sustainability issues and future prospects. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2019_24

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt U (2003) Enhancing phytoextraction: the effects of chemical soil manipulation on mobility, plant accumulation, and leaching of heavy metals. J Environ Qual 32:1939–1954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GG, Reis IM (2000) Is cadmium a cause of human pancreatic cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9:139–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartze EW, Alsberg CL (1923) Studies on the pharmacology of cadmium and zinc with particular reference to emesis. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeutics 21:1–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scoullos MJ, Vonkeman GH, Thornton I, Makuch Z (2001) Mercury, cadmium, lead: handbook for sustainable heavy metals policy and regulation. Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4020-0224-3

  • Sekabira K, Oryem Origa H, Basamba TA, Mutumba G, Kakudidi E (2011) Application of algae in biomonitoring and phytoextraction of heavy metals contamination in urban stream water. Int J Environ Sci Technol 8(1):115–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semyalo RP (2009) The effects of cyanobacteria on the growth, survival, and behaviour of a tropical fish (Nile tilapia) and zooplankton (Daphnia lumholtzi). PhD thesis, University of Bergen, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  • Seth CS, Misra V, Chauhan LKS, Singh RR (2008) Genotoxicity of cadmium on root meristem cells of Allium cepa: cytogenetic and Comet assay approach. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 71:711–716

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shazia I, Uzma SGR, Talat A (2013) Bioremediation of heavy metals using isolates of filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus collected from polluted soil of Kasur, Pakistan. Int Sci Congr Assoc 2(12):66–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheng PX, Ting Y-P, Chen JP (2007) Biosorption of heavy metal ions (Pb, Cu, and Cd) from aqueous solutions by the Marine Alga Sargassum sp. in single- and multiple-metal systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 46(8):2438–2444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siedlecka A, Samuelsson G, Gardenstrom P, Kleczkowski LA, Krupa Z (1998) The “activatory model” of plant response to moderate cadmium stress-relationship between carbonic anhydrase and Rubisco. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: mechanisms and effects. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp 2677–2680

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sigfridsson KGV, Bernát G, Mamedov F, Styring S (2004) Molecular interference of Cd2+ with Photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 1659:19–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siripornadulsil S, Siripornadulsil W (2013) Cadmium-tolerant bacteria reduce the uptake of cadmium in rice: Potential for microbial bioremediation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 94(1):94–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sriprand R, Murooka Y (2007) Accumulation and detoxification of metals by plants and microbes. In: Singh SN, Tripathi RD (eds) Environmental bioremediation technologies. Springer, Berlin, pp 77–100

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stiborova M (1988) Cd2+ ions effect on the quaternary structure of ribulose-1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase from barley leaves. Biochem Physiol Pflanz 183:371–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strczynski SJ (2000) Cadmium content in selected plant species cropped on copper polluted soils. Zesz Nauk Kom “Cz3owiek i OErodowisko” 26:233

    Google Scholar 

  • Subhashini V, Swamy AVVS (2013) Phytoremediation of cadmium and chromium from contaminated soils using Physalis minima L. AIJRFANS 119–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabacova S, Little RE, Balabaeva L, Pavlova S, Petrov I (1994) Complications of pregnancy in relation to maternal lipid peroxides, glutathione and exposure to metals. Repod Toxicol 8:217–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talukdar D, Kumar R (2015) Bioremediation of Cd in liquid media using fungi isolated from different contaminated sites. Int J Basic Appl Boil 2(6):348–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang S, Xi L, Zheng J, Li H (2003) Response to elevated CO2 of Indian Mustard and Sunflower growing on copper contaminated soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71:988–997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travieso L, Cañizares RO, Borja R, Benítez F, Domínguez AR, Dupeyrón R, Valiente V (1999) Heavy metal removal by microalgae. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62:144–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2008) Interim review of scientific information on cadmium. United Nations Environment Program, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • USGS (2008) Mineral commodity summaries, cadmium, pp 42–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasavi A, Usha R, Swamy PM (2010) Phytoremediation – an overview review. J Ind Pollut Control 26(1):83–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidali M (2001) Bioremediation: an overview. Pure Appl Chem 73:1163–1172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volland S, Lütz C, Michalke B, Lütz-Meindl U (2012) intracellular chromium localization and cell physiological response in the unicellular alga micrasterias. Aquat Toxicol 109:59–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkes MP (2003) Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 533:107–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkes M, Misra R (1996) Cadmium carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. In: Chang L (ed) Toxicology of metals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 231–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Waalkes MP, Rehm S (1994) Cadmium and prostate cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health 43:251–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkes MP, Rehm S, Cherian MG (2000) Repeated cadmium exposures enhance the malignant progression of ensuing tumors in rats. Toxicol Sci 54:110–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A, Ghani A, Javed F (2008) Effect of cadmium on photosynthesis, nutrition and growth of mungbean. Agron Sustain Dev 28:273–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F-q, Li Y-j, Zhang Q, Qu J (2015) Phytoremediation of cadmium, lead and zinc by Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa): a study of different period. Bulg Chem Commun 47:167–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe K, Kobayashi E, Suwazono Y, Okubo Y, Kido T, Nogawa K (2004) Tolerable lifetime cadmium intake calculated from the inhabitants living in the Jinzu River basin, Japan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 72:1091–1097

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel WW, Bunkowski M, Puschenreiter M, Horak O (2003) Rhizosphere characteristics of indigenous growing nickel hyperaccumulator and excluder plants on serpentine soil. Environ Pollut 123:131–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1992) Environmental Health Criteria 134 – Cadmium. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Monograph

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav SK (2010) Heavy metals toxicity in plants: an overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. S Afr J Bot 76:167–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, Matheickal JT, Yin P, Kaewsar P (1999) Heavy metals uptake capacities of common microalgal biomass. Water Res 33:1534–1537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuncu B, Sanin FD, Yetis U (2006) An investigation of heavy metal biosorption in relation to C/N ratio of activated sludge. J Hazard Mater 137:990–997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng X, Jin T, Jiang X, Kong Q, Ye T, Nordberg GF (2004) Effects on the prostate of environmental cadmium exposure-a cross-sectional population study in China. Biometals 17(5):559–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu YL, Pilon-Smits EAH, Jouanin L, Terry N (1999) Overexpression of glutathione synthetase in Indian mustard enhances cadmium accumulation and tolerance. Plant Physiol 119:73–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoffoli HJO, do Amaral-Sobrinho NMB, Zonta E, Luisi MV, Marcon G, Tolón-Becerra A (2013) Inputs of heavy metals due to agrochemical use in tobacco fields in Brazil’s southern region. Environ Monit Assess 185:2423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Janta Vidya Mandir Ganpat Rai Rasiwasia (JVMGRR) College, Charkhi Dadri, Haryana, India

    Sushila Saini

  2. Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    Geeta Dhania

Authors
  1. Sushila Saini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Geeta Dhania
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Microbiology (DM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Naresh Bharagava

  2. Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Microbiology (DM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Gaurav Saxena

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Saini, S., Dhania, G. (2020). Cadmium as an Environmental Pollutant: Ecotoxicological Effects, Health Hazards, and Bioremediation Approaches for Its Detoxification from Contaminated Sites. In: Bharagava, R., Saxena, G. (eds) Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3426-9_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation