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Extraction Procedures for Organic Pollutants Determination in Water

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Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW))

Abstract

The European Water Framework Directive 2000/60 is one of the key legislations introduced for many years in water management and protection fields. The model of water management established by this directive is the river basin. There are a variety of indicators to define the good ecological and chemical status, including a list of priority and emerging pollutants to monitor. Compounds in the directive list are organic pollutants, e.g. hydrocarbons, organochlorine compounds, organic solvents, pesticides and chlorophenol, toxic metals (Hg, Ni, Cd and Pb) and one organometallic compound (tributyltin). Other chemical compounds such as pharmaceuticals, hormones and endocrine disruptor have also become important emerging contaminants due to their presence in environmental waters, the threat for drinking water sources and the concern about their possible estrogenic and other effects. For these reasons, some of them have been included as emerging pollutants in the directive. Although this directive does not specify the analytical methods and procedures to be used, the results should come to an agreement no matter which method is used and regardless in which lab the analysis is carried out. Therefore, a large effort to validate and harmonize analytical methods is very required to assure the quality of the results. Consequently, the implementation of robust analytical methods is still a challenging requirement. Among the different steps of the analytical procedure sample preparation is not only the a major source of uncertainties but also where the risk of artifacts and contamination is the highest. Different extraction techniques for the analysis of organic pollutants in water samples are being developed and optimized in order to automate and miniaturize the extraction step, using low volumes of solvents or even solventless procedures in order to pre-concentrate the analytes in the final acceptor phase. We review recent strategies for the analysis of organic pollutants in environmental water samples as alternative choices against the most classical liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction. Revised extraction techniques are classified in two main groups: (i) sorptive extractions and (ii) liquid-liquid microextraction. Among sorptive extractions, solid-phase microextraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction and microextraction by packed sorbent are described. Cloud point extraction, single drop microextraction, membrane liquid-phase microextraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction are included in the group of liquid-liquid microextraction techniques. Among membrane liquid-phase microextraction the use of both porous and non-porous membranes is described. During the description of liquid-liquid microextraction techniques the use of ionic liquids is also mentioned due to the high number of applications found for both single drop microextraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. We discuss the basics, advantages, drawbacks and applications of the techniques for the analysis of organic pollutants in environmental water samples, including river, estuarine water, seawater or wastewater.

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Abbreviations

Chemicals and Compounds:

C

Acronym:

Chemical

Meaning:

m

[BMPL][PF3]:

1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafl uoroethyl)trifl uorophosphate

[C4MIM][PF3]:

1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafl uoroethyl) trifl uorophosphate

[C6MIM][PF6]:

1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafl uorophosphate

[C8MIM][PF6]:

1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafl uorophosphate

[MC8IM][PF6]:

1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafl uorophosphate

[PH3T][PF3]:

trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium tris(pentafl uoroethyl)trifl uorsphosphate

4nP:

4-nonylphenol

APs:

alkylphenols

BPA:

bisphenol-A

BTEX:

benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes

CAR:

carboxen

ClP:

chlorophenols

CW:

carbowax

DBT:

dibutyltin

DiEtHg:

diethylmercury

DVB:

divinylbenzene

ECDs:

endrocrine disrupting chemicals

EME:

electromembrane extraction

EtHg:

ethylmercury

MBT:

monobutyltin

MeHg:

methylmercury

NPEs:

nonylphenol ethoxylates

NPs:

nonylphenols

OCP:

organochlorine pesticide

OPP:

organophosphorus pesticide

PA:

polyacrilate

PAH:

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PBBs:

polybrominated biphenyls

PBDE:

polybrominated byphenylether

PBDE:

polybrominated diphenyl ethers

PC:

polycarbonate

PCB:

polychlorinated byphenyl

PCDD:

polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

PDMS:

polidimethylsiloxane

PEEK:

polyetheretherketone

PEs:

phtalate esters

POP:

persistent organic pollutants

PP:

polypropylene

PS:

polystyrene

PTFE:

polytetrafl uoroethylene

PVDF:

polyvinylidene difl uoride

SVOC:

semi-volatile organic compounds

TBAB:

tetrabutylammonium bromide

TBT:

tributyltin

TD:

thermal desorption

TMAH:

tetrabutylammonium hydroxide

TMSPA:

3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine

TPhT:

triphenyltin

TPR:

template resin

VD-EPMS:

vinylpyridine-ethylene dimethacrylate

VOC:

volatile organic compounds

Techniques:

t

CE-UV:

capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet detector

CF:

continuous fl ow

CP:

cloud-point

CPE:

cloud point extraction

CRC:

critical micellar concentration

CSM:

cone shape

DAD:

diode array detector

DD:

drop-to-drop

DI-SBSE:

direct immersion – SBSE

DI-SDME:

direct immersion-single drop microextraction

dSPME:

dual phase SPME

DI-SPME:

direct immersion – SPME

DSD:

directly suspended droplet

FTD:

fl ame thermionic detection

GC:

gas chromatography

GC/TOF-MS:

gas chromatography/high-resolution time-of-fl ight mass spectrometry

GC-AED:

gas chromatography with atomic emission detection

GC-ECD:

gas chromatography-electron capture detector

GC-FID:

gas chromatography-fl ame ionization detector

GC-FPD:

gas chromatography fl ame photometric detection

GC-ICP-MS:

gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

GC-MS:

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

GC-MS/MS:

gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

HF:

hollow fi ber

HPLC-DAD:

high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detector

HPLC-PAD:

high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector

HPLC-UV:

high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector

HPLC-UV-ED:

high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detectorelectrochemical detector

HS:

headspace

HS-LPME:

headspace-liquid phase microextraction

HS-SDME:

headspace-single drop microextraction

HSSE:

headspace sorptive extraction

IL:

ionic liquids

IL-DI-SDME:

ionic liquid-direct immersion-single drop microextraction

IL-HS-SDME:

ionic liquid-headspace-single drop microextraction

IPPC:

integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

IT-SPME:

in tube solid phase microextraction

LC-FLD:

liquid chromatography lateral fl ow devices

LC-MS/MS:

liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

LD:

liquid desorption

LDPE:

low-density polyethylene

LLE:

liquid-liquid extraction

LLL:

liquid-liquid-liquid

LPME:

liquid phase microextraction

LVI:

large volume injector

LVI-GC-MS:

large volume injection gas chromatography mass spectrometry

MASE:

membrane-assisted solvent extraction

MEKC-UV:

micellar electrokinetic chromatography-ultraviolet detector

MEPS:

microextraction in packed sorbents

MEPS-BIN:

microextraction by packed sorbent-barrel insert and needle (BIN) device

MESI:

membrane extraction with sorbent interface

MIP:

molecular imprinted polymers

MMLLE:

microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction

MW-HS-SPME:

microwave assisted headspace- solid phase microextraction

PTV:

programmable temperature vaporisers

REACH:

registration, evaluation, restriction and authorisation of chemicals

RP-LC:

reverse phase liquid chromatography

SBSE:

stir bar sorptive extraction

SCX:

strong cation exchanger

SDME:

single-drop microextraction

SLM:

supported liquid membrane

SPME:

solid phase micro-extraction

SPME-MC:

solid phase microextraction-micellar desorption

TD-GC-MS:

thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

TDU:

thermal desorption unit

WFD:

water framework irective

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, PK 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain

    N. Etxebarria, M. Olivares, A. Usobiaga, L. A. Fernández & Olatz Zuloaga

  2. Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, UMR 5254 CNRS-UPPA, 2 Avenue Président P. Angot, 64053, Pau, France

    P. Navarro

  3. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany

    A. Prieto

Authors
  1. N. Etxebarria
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  2. P. Navarro
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  3. A. Prieto
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  4. M. Olivares
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  5. A. Usobiaga
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  6. L. A. Fernández
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  7. Olatz Zuloaga
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olatz Zuloaga .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. INRA - UMR Agroécologie, rue Sully 17, Dijon, 86510, France

    Eric Lichtfouse

  2. Inst. für Geologie, Geochemie, u. Lagerstätten d. Erdöls u. d. Kohle, RWTH Aachen, Lochnerstr. 4-20, Aachen, 52056, Germany

    Jan Schwarzbauer

  3. Lab. de Chimie Industrielle, Université de Metz, rue Victor Demange, Saint-Avold, 57500, France

    Didier Robert

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© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

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Etxebarria, N. et al. (2012). Extraction Procedures for Organic Pollutants Determination in Water. In: Lichtfouse, E., Schwarzbauer, J., Robert, D. (eds) Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2439-6_4

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