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Passive sampling and stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in water by GC-MS

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Abstract

A new method using the extraction and preconcentration capabilities of stir bar sorptive extraction, combined with high-resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, was developed for the determination of five selected endocrine-disrupting compounds (4-n-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol) in water. In situ derivatization to transform the phenolic compounds into lipophilic and volatile analytes was carried out with acetic anhydride. Two different methods of headspace derivatization to further improve the chromatographic properties of 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol were developed and compared. The optimized method provided good sensitivity (limits of quantitation 1.2–2.6 ng), repeatability (relative standard deviation 2–9%), and reproducibility (relative standard deviation 10–17%). Passive sampling by means of polar organic chemical integrative samplers was applied to monitor river waters used as supply sources for drinking water treatment plants in the Liguria region of Italy. The analytes showed a different distribution at the three sites considered; bisphenol A proved to be the most abundant, ranging from 185 to 459 ng per sampler.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a financial contribution from Fondazione AMGA Genova. The authors wish to thank Dr. Carlo Scapolla for his helpful scientific discussion. SRA Instruments srl (Milan, Italy) is acknowledged for providing the Gerstel multipurpose sampler with Twister® option.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy

    Emanuele Magi, Marina Di Carro & Camilla Liscio

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  1. Emanuele Magi
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  2. Marina Di Carro
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  3. Camilla Liscio
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Correspondence to Emanuele Magi.

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Magi, E., Di Carro, M. & Liscio, C. Passive sampling and stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in water by GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 397, 1335–1345 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3656-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3656-1

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