Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of aqueous chlorophenols by microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography

  • Originals
  • Gas Chromatography
  • Published:
Chromatographia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

A pretreatment technique denoted microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MASH-SPME) has been designed and studied for one-step in-situ sample preparation before analysis of aqueous chlorophenols (CP). The aqueous CP are extracted on to a solidphase microextraction fiber directly in the headspace with the aid of microwave irradiation. After collection on the SPME fiber the CP were desorbed in a GC injection port and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). Experimental conditions (pH, addition of salt to the sample solution, microwave power and irradiation time, and temperature and time of desorption) were optimized to obtain the most efficient extraction. The results indicated that the highest extraction efficiency (recovery>93%) and lowest RSD (<8.0%) were obtained by irradiation of sample solution at pH 2 with medium-power microwaves for 5 min, and desorption at 300°C for 3 min. Detection limits were approximately 0.1 to 2.0 μg L−1. The proposed method is a very simple, rapid, and solvent-free procedure for collection of CP from complicate sample matrixes. Its application was illustrated by the analysis of trace CP in landfill leachates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A7, VCH, Weinheim,1986, pp. 1–8.

  2. Xie, T.M.; Abrahamsson, K.; Fogelqvist, E.; Josefsson, B.Environ. Sci. Technol. 1986,20, 457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lampi, P.; Vartiainen, T.; Tuomisto, J.Chemosphere 1990,20, 625.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Mueller, J.G.; Chapman, P.J.; Pritchard, P.H.Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989,23, 1197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pollard, S.J.T.; Hoffmann, R.E.; Hrudey, S.E.Can. J. Civil Eng. 1993,20, 787.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Howard, P.H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Volume I: Large Production and Priority Pollutants. Lewis Publishers, chelsea, MI, USA,1989.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Howard, P.H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Volume III: Pesticides. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, USA,1991.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Van Gestel, C.A.M.; Adema, D.M.M.; Dirven-Van Breeman, E.M.Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1996,88, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Keith, L.H.; Telliard, W.A.Environ. Sci. Technol. 1979,13(4), 416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wightman, P.G.; Fein, J.B.Appl. Geochem. 1999,14, 319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. You C.N.; Liu, J.C.Water Sci. Technol. 1996,33(6), 263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lee, M.R.; Yeh, Y.C.; Hsiang, W.S.; Hwang, B.H.J. Chromatogr. A 1998,795, 317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lee, M.R.; Yeh, Y.C.; Hsiang, W.S.; Chen, C.C.J. Chromatogr. B 1998,707, 91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kalman, D.A.J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1984,22, 452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Edgerton, T.R.; Moseman, R.F.; Lores, E.M.; Wright, L.H.Anal. Chem. 1980,52, 1774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Huesgen, A.G.; Schuster, F.LC-GC Int. 1991,4(5), 40.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lores, E.M.; Edgerton, T.R.; Moseman, R.F.J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1981,19, 466.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Slobodnik, J.; Louter, A.J.H.; Veuls, J.J.; Liska, I.; Brinkman, U.A.Th.J. Chromatogr. A 1997,768, 239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Belardi, R.P.; Pawliszyn, J.Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 1989,24, 179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Potter, D.W.; Pawliszyn, J.J. Chromatogr. 1992,625, 247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Louch, D.; Motlagh, S.; Pawliszyn, J.Anal. Chem. 1992,64, 1187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Buchholz, K.D.; Pawliszyn, J.Anal. Chem. 1994,66, 160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang, Z.; Pawliszyn, J.J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 1993,16, 689.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Boyd-Boland, A.A.; Pawliszyn, J.Anal. Chem. 1996,68, 1521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chai, M.; Pawliszyn, J.Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995,29, 693.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen, J.; Pawliszyn, J.Anal. Chem. 1995,67, 2530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Buchholz, K.D.; Pawliszyn, J.Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993,27, 2844.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Guan, F.; Watanabe, K.; Ishii, A.; Seno, H.; Kumazawa, T.; Hattori, H.; Suzuki, O.J. Chromatogr. B 1998,714, 205.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Yashiki, M.; Kojima, T.; Miyazaki, T.; Nagasawa, N.; Iwasaki, Y.; Hara, K.Forensic Sci. Int. 1995,76, 169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zlotorzynski, A.Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1995,25, 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kingston, H.M.; Haswell, S.J.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997,119, 772.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Jin, Q.; Liang, F.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, L.; Huan, Y.; Song, D.Trends Anal. Chem. 1999,18(7), 479.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang, Y.; Bonilla, M.; McNair, H.M.J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 1997,20, 213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hernandez, F.; Beltran, J.; Lopez, F.J.; Gaspar, J.V.Anal. Chem. 2000,72(10), 2313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ho, W.H.; Hsieh, S.J.Anal. Chim. Acta 2001,428, 111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhu, M.; Aviles, F.J.; Conte, E.D.; Miller, D.W.; Perschbacher, P.W.J. Chromatogr. A 1999,833, 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Beltran, J.; Lopez, F.J.; Cepria, O.; Hernandez, F.J. Chromatogr. A 1998,808, 257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Boyd-Boand, A.A.; Magdic, S.; Pawliszyn, J.Analyst 1996,121, 929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Jinno, K.; Muramatsu, T.; Saito, Y.; Kiso, Y.; Magdic, S.; Pawliszyn, J.J. Chromatogr. A 1996,754, 137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Page, B.D.; Lacroix, G.J. Chromatogr. A 1997,757, 173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Eisert, R.; Levsen, K.; Wünsch, G.J. Chromatogr. A 1994,683, 175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 40217, ROC

    Ming-Chi Wei & Jen-Fon Jen

  2. Environmental Protection Center, Chung-Tai Institute of Health Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC

    Ming-Chi Wei

Authors
  1. Ming-Chi Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jen-Fon Jen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wei, MC., Jen, JF. Determination of aqueous chlorophenols by microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Chromatographia 55, 701–706 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02491785

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02491785

Key Words

Search

Navigation