Abstract
This chapter summarizes the diversity of interactions in lichen symbiosis at the taxonomic, organismic and cellular levels. Peculiarities of lichen-dominated terrestrial ecosystems, their ecological roles and endangerment are discussed. Lichenicolous (parasitic) fungi, symptomless endophytic fungi and bacterial epibionts of lichen thalli and their potential biological roles are summarized. The focus is on the symbiotic phenotype of lichen-forming ascomycetes, i.e. the main types of thallus morphologies, the functional anatomy of macrolichens and their growth patterns, the fine structure and composition of cell wall types of lichen photobionts and their impact on the mycobiont–photobiont interface. Modes of vegetative symbiotic propagation are summarized.
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Acknowledgements
My sincere thanks are due to my colleagues David L. Hawksworth for helpful information on lichenicolous fungi, to Burkhard Büdel and Robert Lücking for providing specimens (Peltula and Psoroglaena spp.), to Reinhard Berndt for Fig. 15.1y, to my husband Thomas G. Honegger for patient help with all computer problems, to the editor, Prof. Bertold Hock for his encouragement, patience and help, to the project manager, Athiappan Kumar, for his valuable support, to the Directorium of the Institute of Plant Biology of the University of Zürich for providing access to the infrastructure beyond my retirement and to the Swiss National Science Foundation for generous financial support (grant 3100A0-116597).
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Honegger, R. (2012). 15 The Symbiotic Phenotype of Lichen-Forming Ascomycetes and Their Endo- and Epibionts. In: Hock, B. (eds) Fungal Associations. The Mycota, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_15
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