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Biogenic Impact on Materials

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Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Materials as constituents of products or components of technical systems rarely exist in isolation and many must cope with exposure in the natural world. This chapter describes methods that simulate how a material is influenced through contact with living systems such as microorganisms and arthropods. Both unwanted and desirable interactions are considered. This biogenic impact on materials is intimately associated with the environment to which the material is exposed (Materials-Environment Interaction, Chap. 15). Factors such as moisture, temperature and availability of food sources all have a significant influence on biological systems. Corrosion (Chap. 12) and wear (Chap. 13) can also be induced or enhanced in the presence of microorganisms. Section 14.1 introduces the categories between desired (biodegradation) and undesired (biodeterioration) biological effects on materials. It also introduces the role of biocides for the protection of materials. Section 14.2 describes the testing of wood as a building material especially against microorganisms and insects. Section 14.3 characterizes the test methodologies for two other groups of organic materials, namely polymers (Sect. 14.3.1) and paper and textiles (Sect. 14.3.2). Section 14.4 deals with the susceptibility of inorganic materials such as metals (Sect. 14.4.1), concrete (Sect. 14.4.2) and ceramics (Sect. 14.4.3) to biogenic impact. Section 14.5 treats the testing methodology concerned with the performance of coatings and coating materials. In many of these tests specific strains of organisms are employed. It is vital that these strains retain their ability to utilize/attack the substrate from which they were isolated, even when kept for many years in the laboratory. Section 14.6 therefore considers the importance of maintaining robust and representative test organisms that are as capable of utilizing a substrate as their counterparts in nature such that realistic predictions of performance can be made.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

atomic force microscope

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

AFNOR:

Association Francaise de Normalisation

ARDRA:

amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

BRENDA:

bacterial restriction endonuclease nucleic acid digest analysis

CD:

circular dichroism

CEN:

European Committee for Standardization

CEN:

European Standard Organization

CNR:

contrast-to-noise ratio

DIN:

Deutsches Institut für Normung

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

DOC:

dissolved organic carbon

EDX:

energy dispersive x-ray

EPS:

equivalent penetrameter sensitivity

EU:

European Union

FISH:

fluorescence in situ hybridization

GC:

gas chromatography

IBRG:

International Biodeterioration Research Group

ICR:

ion cyclotron resonance

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

JIS:

Japanese Institute of Standards

MIC:

microbially induced corrosion

MITI:

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

MOE:

modulus of elasticity

MUVU:

mobile UV unit

PAS:

positron annihilation spectroscopy

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction

PHB:

poly(β-hydroxy butyrate)

PVC:

polyvinyl chloride

RAPD:

random amplified polymorphic DNA

RFLP:

restriction fragment length polymorphism

RH:

relative humidity

RNA:

nuclear reaction analysis

SCLM:

scanning confocal laser microscopy

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

TR:

technical report

TS:

tensile strength

UV:

ultraviolet

VOC:

volatile organic carbon

rRNA:

ribosomal RNA

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division IV.1 Biology in Materials Protection and Environmental Issues, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Ina Stephan Dr.

  2. IMSL, Industrial Microbiological Services Limited, Pale Lane, RG27 8DH, Hartley Wintney, Hants, UK

    Peter D. Askew

  3. Department Materials and Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Anna A. Gorbushina

  4. Landreiterweg 22, 12353, Berlin, Germany

    Manfred Grinda Dipl.

  5. Division IV.1, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Horst Hertel Ph.D.

  6. Material Ecology, Biogema, Drakestrasse 68, 12205, Berlin-Lichterfelde, Germany

    Wolfgang E. Krumbein Prof.

  7. TU-BCE, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany

    Rolf-Joachim Müller Dr.

  8. Division IV.1, Materials and Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Michael Pantke Dipl.

  9. Environmental Compatibility of Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Rüdiger (Rudy) Plarre

  10. Laboratory for Corrosion Protection, Iserlohn University of Applied Sciences, Frauenstuhlweg 31, 8644, Iserlohn, Germany

    Guenter Schmitt Prof.

  11. Division IV.1 Materials and Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12205, Berlin, Germany

    Karin Schwibbert Dr.

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Correspondence to Ina Stephan Dr. , Peter D. Askew , Anna A. Gorbushina , Manfred Grinda Dipl. , Horst Hertel Ph.D. , Wolfgang E. Krumbein Prof. , Rolf-Joachim Müller Dr. , Michael Pantke Dipl. , Rüdiger (Rudy) Plarre , Guenter Schmitt Prof. or Karin Schwibbert Dr. .

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  1. University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Luxemburger Strasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany

    Horst Czichos Prof.

  2. National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Tetsuya Saito

  3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA

    Leslie Smith

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Stephan, I. et al. (2011). Biogenic Impact on Materials. In: Czichos, H., Saito, T., Smith, L. (eds) Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9_14

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