Abstract
Phosphorus, in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi), is one of the most important macronutrients for all organisms, including fish. Among other functions, it is indispensable for the formation and development of hard tissues such as bones and scales. However, its deficiency has implications not only for those hard tissues, where it is responsible for defective mineralization, leading to skeletal malformation, but also for disturbances of intermediary metabolism, especially energy metabolism, leading to impairment of growth. Nevertheless, the endocrine mechanisms for regulation of Pi balance in fish have largely been overlooked. Currently, in commercial fish culture systems Pi enriched diets are generally used to avoid skeletal malformations ensure health and increase growth but, however, excess levels can have harmful effects on fish. Additionally, the excess of unused/excreted Pi in the effluents from these culture systems turns intensive fish farming in a major source of eutrophication in the aquatic systems. Therefore, the improvement of foods used and the reduction of the outputs of these dissolved wastes it will be a key element for the long-term sustainability of aquaculture. One of the fundamental points to achieve this goal is to understand the mechanisms that regulate Pi homeostasis in fish, which ultimately will contribute to the equilibrium between the requirements for optimal physiology, fast growth and reduced environmental impact. Therefore, in this chapter, we attempt to describe the current state of knowledge regarding the recently characterized endocrine and non-endocrine factors involved in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis in fish.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbink W, Flik G (2007) Parathyroid hormone-related protein in teleost fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 152:243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.11.010
Abbink W, Bevelander GS, Rotllant J et al (2004) Calcium handling in Sparus auratus: effects of water and dietary calcium levels on mineral composition, cortisol and PTHrP levels. J Exp Biol 207:4077–4084. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01254
Abbink W, Bevelander GS, Hang X et al (2006) PTHrP regulation and calcium balance in sea bream (Sparus auratus L.) under calcium constraint. J Exp Biol 209:3550–3557. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02399
Apschner A, Huitema LF, Ponsioen B et al (2014) Zebrafish enpp1 mutants exhibit pathological mineralization, mimicking features of generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Dis Model Mech 7:811–822. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.015693
Atkins A, Dean MN, Habegger ML et al (2014) Remodeling in bone without osteocytes: billfish challenge bone structure-function paradigms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:16047–16052. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412372111
Baeverfjord G, Asgard T, Shearer KD (1998) Development and detection of phosphorus deficiency in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr and post-smolts. Aquac Nutr 4:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00095.x
Bajayo A, Bar A, Denes A et al (2012) Skeletal parasympathetic innervation communicates central IL-1 signals regulating bone mass accrual. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:15455–15460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206061109
Bansal VK (1990) Serum Inorganic Phosphorus. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (ed) Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Butterworths, Boston, pp 895–899
Bergwitz C, Jüppner H (2010) Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23. Annu Rev Med 61:91–104. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.051308.111339
Boglione C, Gavaia P, Koumoundouros G et al (2013) Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 1: normal and anomalous skeletogenic processes. Rev Aquac 5(Suppl. 1):S99–S120. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12015
Braasch I, Postlethwait JH (2012) Polyploidy in Fish and the Teleost Genome Duplication. In: Soltis PS, Soltis DE (eds) Polyploidy and Genome Evolution. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 341–383
Broadus A, Stewart A (1994) Parathyroid hormone-related protein: structure, processing, and physiological actions. In: Bilezikian J (ed) The parathyroids. Basic and clinical concepts, Raven Press pp 259–294
Canario AVM, Rotllant J, Fuentes J et al (2006) Novel bioactive parathyroid hormone and related peptides in teleost fish. FEBS Lett 580:291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.023
Cañestro C (2012) Two Rounds of whole-genome duplication: evidence and impact on the evolution of vertebrate innovations. In: Soltis P, Soltis DE (eds) Polyploidy and genome evolution pp 309–339
Carter PH, Schipani E (2006) The roles of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in bone remodeling: prospects for novel therapeutics. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 6:59–76
Cho CY (1993) Digestibility of feedstuffs as a major factor in aquaculture waste management. In: Kaushik SJ, Luquet P (eds) Fish nutrition in practice, KAUSHIK, S. INRA ed. pp 365–374
Cho CY, Bureau DP (2001) A review of diet formulation strategies and feeding systems to reduce excretory and feed wastes in aquaculture. Aquac Res 32:349–360. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00027.x
Ciancaglini P, Yadav MC, Sper Simão AM et al (2009) Kinetic analysis of substrate utilization by native and TNAP-, NPP1- or PHOSPHO1-deficient matrix vesicles. J Bone Miner Res 25(091029140456050):37. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.091023
Craig S, Helfrich LA (2009) Understanding fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding. Virginia Cooperative extension pp 420–256
Danks JA, Devlin AJ, Ho PM et al (1993) Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a factor in normal fish pituitary. Gen Comp Endocrinol 92:201–212. https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1993.1156
De Vernejoul MC (2013) More on bone and nerves. IBMS Bonekey 10:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/bonekey.2013.47
De Vrieze E, Sharif F, Metz JR et al (2011) Matrix metalloproteinases in osteoclasts of ontogenetic and regenerating zebrafish scales. Bone 48:704–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.017
Dean MN, Ekstrom L, Monsonego-Ornan E et al (2015) Mineral homeostasis and regulation of mineralization processes in the skeletons of sharks, rays and relatives (Elasmobranchii). Cell Dev Biol 46:51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.022
Devlin AJ, Danks JA, Faulkner MK et al (1996) Immunochemical detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the saccus vasculosus of a teleost fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 101:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1996.0010
Driessler F, Baldock P (2010) Hypothalamic regulation of bone. J Mol Endocrinol 45:175–181. https://doi.org/10.1677/JME-10-0015
Econs MJ, Strom TM, White KE et al (2000) Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23. Nat Genet 26:345–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/81664
Elizondo MR, Budi EH, Parichy DM (2010) trpm7 regulation of in vivo cation homeostasis and kidney function involves stanniocalcin 1 and fgf23. Endocrinology 151:5700–5709. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0853
Favus MJ, Bushinsky DA, Lemann J (2006) Regulation of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate metabolism. In: American society for bone and mineral research pp 76–117
Flik G, Verbost PM (1993) Calcium transport in fish gills and intestine. J Exp Biol 184:17–29
Francis F, Hennig S, Korn B et al (1995) A gene (PEX) with homologies to endopeptidases is mutated in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. The HYP consortium. Nat Genet 11:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1095-130
Flanagan JA, Power DM, Bendell LA et al (2000) Cloning of the cDNA for sea bream (Sparus aurata) parathyroid hormone-related protein. Gen Comp Endocrinol 118:373–382
Fuentes J, Figueiredo J (2006) Parathyroid hormone-related protein regulates intestinal calcium transport in sea bream (Sparus auratus). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291:1499–1506. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00892.2005
Fuentes J, Power DM, Canario AV (2010) Parathyroid hormone-related protein-stanniocalcin antagonism in regulation of bicarbonate secretion and calcium precipitation in a marine fish intestine. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299:R150–R158. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00378.2009
Gardella TJ, Jüppner H (2001) Molecular properties of the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 12:210–217
Gardella TJ, Jüppner H, Brown EM et al (2006) Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone–related peptide in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone development. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, Kretser D et al. (eds) Endocrinology: adult and pediatric pp 1377–1417
Gensure RC, Gardella TJ, Jüppner H (2005) Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, and their receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328:666–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.069
Guerreiro PM, Fuentes J (2007) Control of calcium balance in fish. In: Baldisserotto B, Mancera JM, Kapoor BG (eds) Fish osmoregulation. Science Publisher, USA
Guerreiro PM, Fuentes J, Power DM et al (2001) Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a calcium regulatory factor in sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281:R855–R860
Guerreiro PM, Renfro JL, Power DM et al (2007) The parathyroid hormone family of peptides: structure, tissue distribution, regulation, and potential functional roles in calcium and phosphate balance in fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292:R679–R696. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00480.2006
Guerreiro PM, Canario AVM, Power DM et al (2010) Piscine PTHrP regulation of calcium and phosphate transport in winter flounder renal proximal tubule primary cultures. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299:603–611. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00509.2009
Guerreiro PM, Costa R, Power DM (2013) Dynamics of scale regeneration in seawater—and brackish water-acclimated sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Physiol Biochem 39:917–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9751-9
Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis II (2006) Bone remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1092:385–396. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1365.035
Hardy R, Gatlin D (2002) Nutritional strategies to reduce nutrient losses in intensive aquaculture. In: Cruz-Suárez LE., Ricque-Marie D, Tapia- Salazar M, Gaxiola-Cortés MG, Simoes N (eds) Avances en Nutrición Acuícola VI. México, 2002
Herrmann-Erlee M, Flik G (1989) Bone: comparative studies on endocrine involvement in bone metabolism. In: Pang P, Schreibman M (eds) Vertebrate endocrinology: fundamentals and biomedical implications - regulation of calcium and phosphate. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 211–242
Hixson SM (2014) Fish nutrition and current issues in aquaculture: the balance in providing safe and nutritious seafood, in an environmentally sustainable manner. J Aquac Res Dev 5:1–10. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000234
Hoare S, Rubin D, Jüppner H et al (2000) Evaluating the ligand specificity of zebrafish parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors: comparison of PTH, PTH-related protein, and tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39. Endocrinology 141:3080–3086
Hori M, Shimizu Y, Fukumoto S (2011) Minireview: fibroblast growth factor 23 in phosphate homeostasis and bone metabolism. Endocrinology 152:4–10. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0800
Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J et al (2010) Klotho: a novel phosphaturic substance acting as an autocrine enzyme in the renal proximal tubule. FASEB J 24:3438–3450. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-154765
Huitema LF, Apschner A, Logister I et al (2012) Entpd5 is essential for skeletal mineralization and regulates phosphate homeostasis in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:21372–21377. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214231110
Ichikawa S, Austin AM, Gray AK et al (2012) A Phex mutation in a murine model of X-linked hypophosphatemia alters phosphate responsiveness of bone cells. J Bone Miner Res 27:453–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.544
Kacem A, Meunier FJ (2003) Halastatic demineralization in the vertebrae of Atlantic salmon, during their spawning migration. J Fish Biol 63:1122–1130. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00229.x
Kiela PR, Ghishan FK (2009) Recent advances in the renal-skeletal-gut axis that controls phosphate homeostasis. Lab Invest 89:7–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2008.114
Kini U, Nandeesh BN (2012) Physiology of bone formation, remodeling, and metabolism. In: Fogelman I, Gnanasegaran G, Wall H (eds) Radionuclide and Hybrid Bone Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 29–57
Kronenberg HM (2006) PTHrP and skeletal development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1068:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1346.002
Kwong RWM, Perry SF (2015) An Essential Role for Parathyroid Hormone in Gill Formation and Differentiation of Ion-Transporting Cells in Developing Zebrafish. Endocrinology 156:2384–2394. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1968
Lall SP (2002) The minerals. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds) Fish nutrition. Academic Press, pp 259–308
Lall SP, Lewis-McCrea LM (2007) Role of nutrients in skeletal metabolism and pathology in fish — An overview. Aquaculture 267:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.053
Le Luyer J, Deschamps MH, Proulx E et al (2014) Responses of different body compartments to acute dietary phosphorus deficiency in juvenile triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). J Appl Ichthyol 30:825–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12519
Lewis-McCrea LM, Lall SP (2010) Effects of phosphorus and vitamin C deficiency, vitamin A toxicity, and lipid peroxidation on skeletal abnormalities in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). J Appl Ichthyol 26:334–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01431.x
Liu S, Zhou J, Tang W et al (2006) Pathogenic role of Fgf23 in Hyp mice. AJP Endocrinol Metab 291:E38–E49. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00008.2006
Lovell T (ed) (1998) Nutrition and feeding of fish. Kluwer Academy Publishers
Lu Y, Feng JQ (2012) FGF23 in skeletal modeling and remodeling. Curr Osteoporos Rep 9:103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-011-0053-4.FGF23
Lu M, Wagner GF, Renfro JL (1994) Stanniocalcin stimulates phosphate reabsorption by flounder renal proximal tubule in primary culture. Am J Physiol 267:R1356–R1362
Mangos S, Amaral AP, Faul C et al (2012) Expression of fgf23 and αklotho in developing embryonic tissues and adult kidney of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:4314–4322. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs335
Martin A, David V, Laurence JS et al (2008) Degradation of MEPE, DMP1, and release of SIBLING ASARM-peptides (minhibins): ASARM-peptide(s) are directly responsible for defective mineralization in HYP. Endocrinology 149:1757–1772. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-1205
Mccudden CR, Kogon MR, Dimattia GE et al (2001) Novel expression of the stanniocalcin gene in fish. J Endocrinol 171:33–44
Mundy GR, Guise T (1999) Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis. Clin Chem 45:1347–1352
Murshed M, Harmey D, Millán JL et al (2005) Unique coexpression in osteoblasts of broadly expressed genes accounts for the spatial restriction of ECM mineralization to bone. Genes Dev 19:1093–1104. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1276205
Nemoto Y, Higuchi K, Baba O et al (2007) Multinucleate osteoclasts in medaka as evidence of active bone remodeling. Bone 40:399–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.08.019
Olsen RL, Hasan MR (2012) A limited supply of fishmeal: impact on future increases in global aquaculture production. Trends Food Sci Technol 27:120–128
Parsons JA, Gray D, Rafferty B et al (1978) Evidence for a hypercalcaemic factor in the fish pituitary immunologically related to mammalian parathyroid hormone. In: Copp D, Talmage R (eds) Endocrinology of calcium metabolism pp 111–114
Penido MG, Alon US (2012) Phosphate homeostasis and its role in bone health. Pediatr Nephrol 27:2039–2048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2175-z
Persson P, Bjornsson BT, Takagi Y (1999) Characterization of morphology and physiological actions of scale osteoclasts in the rainbow trout. J Fish Biol 54:669–684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00645.x
Piedecausa MA, Aguado-Giménez F, Cerezo Valverde J et al (2012) Influence of fish food and faecal pellets on short-term oxygen uptake, ammonium flux and acid volatile sulphide accumulation in sediments impacted by fish farming and non-impacted sediments. Aquac Res 43:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02801.x
Pinheiro PLC, Cardoso JCR, Gomes AS et al (2010) Gene structure, transcripts and calciotropic effects of the PTH family of peptides in Xenopus and chicken. BMC Evol Biol 10:373–387. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-373
Pinheiro PLC, Cardoso JCR, Power DM et al (2012) Functional characterization and evolution of PTH/PTHrP receptors: insights from the chicken. BMC Evol Biol 12:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-110
Potts JT (2005) Parathyroid hormone: past and present. J Endocrinol 187:311–325. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06057
Power DM, Ingleton PM, Flanagan JA et al (2000) Genomic structure and expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene (PTHrP) in a teleost, Fugu rubripes. Gene 250:67–76
Quarles LD, Drezner MK (2001) Pathophysiology of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia, Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia, and Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemia: A PerPHEXing Problem. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:494–496. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.2.7302
Quiros-Gonzalez I, Yadav VK (2014) Central genes, pathways and modules that regulate bone mass. Arch Biochem Biophys 561:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.005
Rotllant J, Redruello B, Guerreiro PM et al (2005) Calcium mobilization from fish scales is mediated by parathyroid hormone related protein via the parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor. Regul Pept 132:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2005.08.004
Rowe P (2004) The wrickkened pathways of FGF23, MEPE and PHEX. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 15:264–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130401500503
Rowe P (2012) Regulation of bone - renal mineral and energy metabolism: the PHEX, FGF23, DMP1, MEPE ASARM pathway. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 22:61–86
Roy PK, Lall SP (2003) Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.). Aquaculture 221:451–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00065-6
Roy PK, Witten PE, Hall BK et al (2002) Effects of dietary phosphorus on bone growth and mineralisation of vertebrae in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.). Fish Physiol Biochem 27:35–48. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FISH.0000021778.99011.ce
Rubin DA, Hellman P, Zon LI et al (1999) A G Protein-coupled Receptor from Zebrafish Is Activated by Human Parathyroid Hormone and Not by Human or Teleost Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide: Implication for the Evolutionary Conservation of Calcium-Regulating Peptides Hormones. J Biol Chem 274:23035–23042. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.33.23035
Ruchon AF, Marcinkiewicz M, Siegfried G et al (1998) Pex mRNA is localized in developing mouse osteoblasts and odontoblasts. J Histochem Cytochem 46:459–468
Sapir-Koren R, Livshits G (2011) Bone mineralization and regulation of phosphate homeostasis. IBMS Bonekey 8:286–300. https://doi.org/10.1138/20110516
Satoh S, Porn-Ngam N, Takeuchi T et al (1996) Influence of dietary phosphorus levels on growth and mineral availability in rainbow trout. Fish Sci 62:483–487. https://doi.org/10.2331/FISHSCI.62.483
Schein V, Cardoso JCR, Pinto PIS et al (2012) Four stanniocalcin genes in teleost fish: Structure, phylogenetic analysis, tissue distribution and expression during hypercalcemic challenge. Gen Comp Endocrinol 175:344–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.033
Schultz AG, Guffey SC, Clifford AM et al (2014) Phosphate absorption across multiple epithelia in the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307:R643–R652. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00443.2013
Seeman E (2009) Bone modeling and remodeling. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 19:219–233
Shahar R, Dean MN (2013) The enigmas of bone without osteocytes. Bonekey Rep 2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/bonekey.2013.77
Shimada T, Mizutani S, Muto T et al (2001) Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor of tumor-induced osteomalacia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6500–6505. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101545198
Shimada T, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki Y et al (2003) FGF-23 Is a Potent Regulator of Vitamin D Metabolism and Phosphate Homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res 19:429–435. https://doi.org/10.1359/JBMR.0301264
Sims NA, Gooi JH (2008) Bone remodeling: Multiple cellular interactions required for coupling of bone formation and resorption. Semin Cell Dev Biol 19:444–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.07.016
Suarez-Bregua P, Torres-Nunez E, Saxena A et al (2017) Pth4, an ancient parathyroid hormone lost in eutherian mammals, reveals a new brain-to-bone signaling pathway. FASEB J 31:569–583. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600815R
Sugiura SH, Hardy RW, Roberts RJ (2004) The pathology of phosphorus deficiency in fish-a review. J Fish Dis 27:255–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00527.x
Sullivan M, Hammond G, Roberts RJ et al (2007) Spinal deformation in commercially cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: a clinical and radiological study. J Fish Dis 30:745–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00889.x
Sundell K, Björnsson BT, Itoh H et al (1992) Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) stanniocalcin inhibits in vitro intestinal calcium uptake in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). J Comp Physiol B 162:489–495
Suzuki N, Danks J, Maruyama Y et al (2011) Parathyroid hormone 1 (1-34) acts on the scales and involves calcium metabolism in goldfish. Bone 48:1186–1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.02.004
Takeda S (2008) Central control of bone remodelling. J Neuroendocrinol 20:802–807. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01732.x
Tenenhouse HS (1999) X-linked hypophosphataemia: a homologous disorder in humans and mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:333–341
Terkeltaub RA (2001) Inorganic pyrophosphate generation and disposition in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1–11
To TT, Witten PE, Renn J et al (2012) Rankl-induced osteoclastogenesis leads to loss of mineralization in a medaka osteoporosis model. Development 139:141–150. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.071035
Tseng D, Chou M, Tseng Y et al (2009) Effects of stanniocalcin 1 on calcium uptake in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296:549–557
Urakawa I, Yamazaki Y, Shimada T et al (2006) Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature 444:770–774. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05315
VanHouten J, Dann P, McGeoch G et al (2004) The calcium-sensing receptor regulates mammary gland parathyroid hormone-related protein production and calcium transport. J Clin Invest 113:598–608. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18776
Venkatakrishnan AJ, Deupi X, Lebon G et al (2013) Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature 494:185–194. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11896
Wagner GF, Hampong M, Park CM et al (1986) Purification, characterization, and bioassay of teleocalcin, a glycoprotein from salmon corpuscles of Stannius. Gen Comp Endocrinol 63:481–491
Witten PE, Hall BK (2003) Seasonal changes in the lower jaw skeleton in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): remodelling and regression of the kype after spawning. J Anat 203:435–450
Witten PE, Huysseune A (2009) A comparative view on mechanisms and functions of skeletal remodelling in teleost fish, with special emphasis on osteoclasts and their function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 84:315–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00077.x
Witten PE, Hansen A, Hall BK (2001) Features of mono- and multinucleated bone resorbing cells of the zebrafish Danio rerio and their contribution to skeletal development, remodeling, and growth. J Morphol 250:197–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1065
Witten PE, Owen MAG, Fontanillas R et al (2016) A primary phosphorus-deficient skeletal phenotype in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: the uncoupling of bone formation and mineralization. J Fish Biol 88:690–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12870
Yan Y-L, Bhattacharya P, He XJ et al (2012) Duplicated zebrafish co-orthologs of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP, Pthlh) play different roles in craniofacial skeletogenesis. J Endocrinol 214:421–435. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0110
Yeung BHY, Law AYS, Wong CKC (2012) Evolution and roles of stanniocalcin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 349:272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.007
Yuan B, Takaiwa M, Clemens TL et al (2008) Aberrant Phex function in osteoblasts and osteocytes alone underlies murine X-linked hypophosphatemia. J Clin Invest 118:722–734. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI32702
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Suarez-Bregua, P., Cal, L., Guerreiro, P.M., Rotllant, J. (2018). Novel Aspects of Phosphate Endocrine Control: A Key Element for the Long-Term Sustainability of Finfish Aquaculture. In: Yúfera, M. (eds) Emerging Issues in Fish Larvae Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73244-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73244-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73243-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73244-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)