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Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa

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Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development

Abstract

Now that we have strong evidence for the phylogenetic placement of Myxozoa within the Cnidaria it is of great interest to explore their evolutionary history. In particular, what cnidarian features may have facilitated the transition to an endoparasitic lifestyle and can we identify a potential cnidarian sister group? In this chapter we summarise evidence for characters linking myxozoans to cnidarians and identify cnidarian traits that may have promoted endoparasitism including: their diploblastic condition, their capacity for regeneration, transdifferentiation, and dormancy, the production of novel propagative stages, cell-within-cell development, and asexual reproduction. Equating the basic cnidarian life cycle (benthic polyps and planktonic medusae) with the complex myxozoan life cycle is problematic because of great plasticity in cnidarian development, which can entail the loss of stages and associated transfer of function. The sexual phase of myxozoans involves the production of isogametes but divergent views on their subsequent fusion lead to questions about whether sexual reproduction involves selfing or outcrossing and if it may result in the development of multicellular chimaeras. The apical structures of myxozoan polar capsules closely resemble those of medusozoan but not those of anthozoan nematocysts, thus supporting a medusozoan affinity for Myxozoa.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Stephen Atkinson for images of myxosporean polar capsules and Stephen Feist for image of plasmotomy. We are also grateful to Alan Curry for ultrastructural documentation of malacosporean development over many years, including several images incorporated here. Work on polar capsules was supported by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (272772) to Alexander Gruhl and Beth Okamura. Ultrastructural investigations of malacosporeans were supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (GR3/11065, GR3/11068, NER/A/S/1999/00075, NER/B/S/2000/00336) and the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (FC 1112). Work on nematocysts was supported by NSF postdoctoral grant (PRFB-130664) directed to Abigail J Reft and NSF grant (EF-0531763) to Marymegan Daly (Ohio State University).

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  1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK

    Beth Okamura & Alexander Gruhl

  2. College of William and Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA

    Abigail J. Reft

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  1. Beth Okamura
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Correspondence to Beth Okamura .

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  1. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

    Beth Okamura

  2. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom

    Alexander Gruhl

  3. Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Jerri L. Bartholomew

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Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J. (2015). Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa. In: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J. (eds) Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3

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