Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pectobacterium and Dickeya: Environment to Disease Development

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Plant Diseases Caused by Dickeya and Pectobacterium Species

Abstract

The soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) infect a wide range of plants worldwide and cause economic damage to crops and ornamentals but can also colonize other plants as part of their natural life cycle. They are found in a variety of environmental niches, including water, soil and insects, where they may spread to susceptible plants and cause disease. In this chapter, we look in detail at the plants colonized and infected by these pathogens and at the diseases and symptoms they cause. We also focus on where in the environment these organisms are found and their ability to survive and thrive there. Finally, we present evidence that SRP may assist the colonization of human enteric pathogens on plants, potentially implicating them in aspects of human/animal as well as plant health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdalla MY (2001) Sudden decline of date palm trees caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Plant Dis 85:24–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adriaenssens EM, Van Vaerenbergh J, Vandenheuvel D, Dunon V, Ceyssens PJ, De Proft M et al (2012) T4-related bacteriophage LIMEstone isolates for the control of soft rot on potato caused by ‘Dickeya solani’. PLoS ONE 7:e33227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Y, Mirza MS, Ghaffar A (2000) Pathogens associated with stalk rot of corn in Pakistan. Pak J Bot 32:251–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Alič Š, Van Gijsegem F, Pédron J, Ravnikar M, Dreo T (2018) Diversity within the novel Dickeya fangzhongdai sp., isolated from infected orchids, water and pears. Plant Pathol 67:1612–1620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alic S, Naglic T, Llop P, Toplak N, Koren S, Ravnikar M, Dreo T (2015) Draft genome sequence of Dickeya sp. Isolates B16 (NIB Z 2098) abd S1 (NIB Z 2099) causing soft rot of Phalaenopsis orchids. Microbiol Res Announcements 3:e00973–e1015

    Google Scholar 

  • Anilkumar TB, Chakravarti BP (1970) Factors affecting survival of Erwinia carotovora causal organism of stalk rot in maize in soil. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 5:333–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansermet M, Schaerer S, Kellenberger I, Tallant M, Dupuis B (2016) Influence of seed-borne and soil-carried inocula of Dickeya spp. On potato plant transpiration and symptom expression. Eur J Plant Pathol 145:459–467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armon R, Dosoretz C, Yoirish A, Shelef G, Neeman I (1995) Survival of the phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora in sterile and nonsterile soil, sand and their admixture. J Appl Bacteriol 79:513–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arun WA, Bohra P, Umesha K, Chandrashekar SC, Sathyanarayana BN, Sreeramu BS (2012) Successful rescue and field establishment of native banana varieties severely affected by rhizome rot. J Agric Rural Dev Trop Subtrop 113:147–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Askari S, Rezaei R, Sadravi M, Taghavi SM. Identification of Dickeya dadantii Samson, et al (2018) 2005 sp. Nov. (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) as a causal agent of bacterial stalk rot of maize in southwest of Iran. Trop Agric 95:146–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Baghaee-Ravari S, Rahimian H, Shams-Bakhsh M, Lopez-Solanilla E, Antúnez-Lamas M, Rodríguez-Palenzuela P (2011) Characterization of Pectobacterium species from Iran using biochemical and molecular methods. Eur J Plant Pathol 129:413–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bain RA, Pérombelon MCM, Tsror L, Nachmais A (1990) Blackleg development and tuber yield in relation to numbers of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica on seed potatoes. Plant Pathol 39:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basim H, Basim E, Baki D, Turgut A (2019) Wet rot disease of banana (Musa sp.) caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in Turkey. Can J Plant Path 41:174–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basset A, Khush RS, Braun A, Gardan L, Boccard F, Hoffmann JA, Lemaitre B (2000) The phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora infects Drosophila and activates an immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3376–3381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Basset A, Tzou P, Lemaitre B, Boccard F (2003) A single gene that promotes interaction of a phytopathogenic bacterium with its insect vector, Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO Rep 4:205–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bech K (1994) Spread of Erwinia chrysanthemi in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. J Phytopathol 141:285–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell KS, Sebaihia M, Pritchard L, Holden MTG, Hyman LJ, Holeva LC, Thomson MR, Bentley SD, Churcher LJC, Mungall K et al (2004) Genome sequence of the enterobacterial phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and characterization of virulence factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:11105–11110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blomme G, Dita M, Jacobsen KS, Vincente LP, Molina A, Ocimati W, Poussier S, Prior P (2017) Bacterial diseases of banana and enset: current state of knowledge and integrated approaches towards sustainable management. Front Plant Sci 8:Article 1290

    Google Scholar 

  • Boccara M, Vedel R, Lalo D, Lebrun MH, Lafey JF (1991) Genetic diversity and host range in strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact:4I293–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonde R (1930) The cabbage maggot as a disseminating agent of bacterial rots in the Cruciferae. Phytopathology 20:128

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandl MT, Cox CE, Teplitski M (2013) Salmonella interactions with plants and their associated microbiota. Phytopathology 103:316–325

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer JW, Harrison MD, Winston JA (1980) Differential attraction of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. to potato tissue infected with two varieties of Erwinia carotovora. Am J Potato Res 57:219–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer J, Harrison MD, Winston JA (1981) Survival of two varieties of Erwinia carotovora on Drosophila melanogaster meigen and Drosophila buskkii coquillett, (Diptera: drosophilidae) vectors of potato blackleg in Colorado. Am Potato J 58:439–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burr TJ, Schroth MN (1977) Occurrence of soft rot Erwinia spp. in soil and plant material. Phytopathology 67:1382–1387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton WG, Wigginton MJ (1970) The effect of a film of water upon the oxygen status of a potato tuber. Potato Res 13:150–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byther RS, Chastagner GA (1993) Diseases. In: De Hertogh A, Le Nard M (eds) The physiology of flower bulbs. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 71–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera-Huerta E, Aranda-Ocampo S, Hernandez-Castro E, Nava-Diaz C (2019) First report of bacterial wilt caused by Dickeya chrysanthemi on Agave-Mezcal (Agave cupreata). in Mexico. Plant Dis 103:1406

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill G, Fraser K, Kowalewska M, Kenyon D, Saddler G (2010) Recent findings from the Dickeya survey and monitoring programme. In: Proceedings of the Dundee conference. Crop protection in Northern Britain, Dundee, UK, 23–24 February 2010, 2010: The Association for Crop Protection in Northern Britain, pp 171–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappaert MR, Powelson ML (1987) Irrigation water as a source of inoculum of soft rot erwinias for Aerial Stem Rot of Potatoes. Phytopathology 77:1768–1768

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappaert MR, Powelson ML, Franc GD, Harrison MD (1988) Irrigation water as a source of inoculum of soft rot erwinias for aerial stem rot of potatoes. Phytopathology 78:1668–1672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cating RA, Hong JC, Palmateer AJ, Stiles CM, Dickstein ER (2008) First report of bacterial soft rot on Vanda orchids caused by Dickeya chrysanthemi (Erwinia chrysanthemi) in the United States. Plant Dis 92:977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cating RA, Hoy MA, Palmateer AJ (2010) A comparison of standard and high-fidelity PCR in the detection of Sclerotium rolfsii and a Dickeya sp. From Phalaenopsis orchids. Phytopathology 100:S22

    Google Scholar 

  • Cating RA, Palmateer AJ, McMillan RT, Dickstein ER (2009) First report of a bacterial soft rot on Tolumnia orchids caused by a Dickeya sp in the United States. Plant Dis 93:1354–1354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chantanao A, Jensen HJ (1969) Saprozoic nematodes as carriers and disseminators of plant pathogenic bacteria. J Nematol 1:216–218

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Charkowski AO (2018) The changing face of bacterial soft-rot diseases. Annu Rev Phytopathol 56:269–288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charkowski AO (2006) The soft rot Erwinia. Plant-Assoc Bacteria Part 3:423–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Chattopadhyay PK, Murkherjuee N (1986) A Pseudostem rot of banana due to Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca. Curr Sci 55:789–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Chio JE, Park JS, Kang HW (1988) Bacterial soft rot of banana fruit caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Pseudomonas cichorii. Korean J Plant Pathol 3:202–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Cirou A, Mondy S, An S, Charrier A, Sarrazin A, Thoison O et al (2012) Efficient biostimulation of native and introduced quorum quenching Rhodococcus erythropolis populations is revealed by a combination of analytical chemistry, microbiology, and pyrosequencing. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:481–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Costechareyre D, Balmand S, Condemine G, Rahbé Y (2012) Dickeya dadantii, a plant pathogenic bacterium producing Cyt-like entomotoxins, causes septicemia in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. PLoS ONE 7:e30702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Costechareyre D, Chich J-F, Strub J-M, Rahbé Y, Condemine G (2013) Transcriptome of Dickeya dadantii infecting Acyrthosiphon pisum reveals a strong defense against antimicrobial peptides. PLoS ONE 8:e54118

    Google Scholar 

  • Costechareyre D, Dridi B, Rahbé Y, Condemine G (2010) Cyt toxin expression reveals an inverse regulation of insect and plant virulence factors of Dickeya dadantii. Environ Microbiol 12:3290–3301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cother E, Bradley J, Gillings M, Fahy P (1992) Characterization of Erwinia chrysanthemi biovars in alpine water sources by biochemical properties, GLC fatty acid analysis and genomic DNA fingerprinting. J Appl Bacteriol 73:99–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cother E, Gilbert R (1990) Presence of Erwinia chrysanthemi in two major river systems and their alpine sources in Australia. J Appl Bacteriol 69:729–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox CE, McClelland M, Teplitski M (2013) Consequences of disrupting Salmonella AI-2 signalling on interactions within soft rots. Phytopathology 103:352–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czajkowski R, de Boar WJ, Velvis H, van der Wolf JM (2010a) Systemic colonisation of potato plants by a soil-borne, green fluorescent protein-tagged strain of Dickeya sp biovar 3. Phytopathology 100:134–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czajkowski R, de Boer WJ, van der Zouwen PS, Kastelein P, Jafra S, de Haan EG, van den Bovenkamp GW, van der Wolf JM (2012) Virulence of ‘Dickeya solani’ and Dickeya dianthicola biovar-1 and -7 strains on potato (Solanum tuberosum). Plant Pathol 62:597–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czajkowski R, de Boer WJ, van Veen JA, van der Wolf JM (2010b) Downward vascular translocation of a green flurescent protein-tagged strain if Dickeya sp. (Biovar 3) from stem and leaf inoculation sites on potato. Phytopathology 100:1128–1137

    Google Scholar 

  • Czajkowski R, Ozymko Z, Lojkowska E (2014) Isolation and characterization of novel soilborne lytic bacteriophages infecting Dickeya spp. biovar 3 (‘D. solani’). Plant Pathol 63:758–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czajkowski R, Pérombelon MCM, van Veen JA, van der Wolf JM (2011) Control of blackleg and tuber soft rot of potato caused by Pectobacterium and Dickeya species: a review. Plant Pathol 60:999–1013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalmacio SC, Ludog TR, Sarrano EM, Munkvold GP (2007) Reduced incidence of bacterial tot on transgenic insect resistant maize in the Philippines. Plant Dis 91:346–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Boer SH, Allan E, Kelman A (1979) Survival of Erwinia carotovora in Wisconsin soils. Am Potato J 56:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dees MW, Lysoe E, Rossmann S, Perminow J, Brurberg MB (2017) Pectobacterium polaris sp nov., isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum). Int J Syst Environ Microbiol 67:5222–5229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz S, Villavicencio B, Correia N, Costa J, Haag KL (2016) Triatomine bugs, their microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi: asymmetric responses of bacteria to an infected blood meal. Parasites Vectors 9: Article 636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doane CC (1953) The onion maggot in Wisconsin and its relation to rot in onions. PhD thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Doane JF, Chapman RK (1964) The relation of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), to decay in some cruciferous crops. Entomol Exp Appl 7:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • du Raan S, Coutinho TA, van der Waals JE (2016) Cardinal temperature differences, determined in vitro, between closely related species and subspecies of pectinolytic bacteria responsible for blackleg and soft rot on potatoes. Eur J Plant Pathol 144:361–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte V, Clark CA (1992) Presence on sweet potato through the growing season of Erwinia chrysanthemi, cause of stem and root rot. Plant Dis 76:67–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds BA, Clark CA, Villordon AQ, Holmes GJ (2015) Relationships of preharvest weather conditions and soil factors to susceptibility of sweet potato to postharvest decay caused by Rhizopus stolonifera and Dickeya dadantii. Plant Dis 99:848–857

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Hassouni M, Chambost JP, Expert D, Van Gijsegem F, Barras F (1999) The minimal gene set member msrA, encoding peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase, is a virulence determinant of the plant pathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:887–892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elphinstone J, Pérombelon M (1987) Control of contamination of potatoes with airborne Erwinia carotovora by foliar application of copper oxychloride. Ann Appl Biol 110:535–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elphinstone JG, Pérombelon MCM (1986) Contamination of potatoes by Erwinia carotovora during grading. Plant Pathol 35:25–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faye P, Bertrand C, Pédron J, Barny M-A (2018) Draft genomes of “Pectobacterium peruviense” strains isolated from fresh water in France. Stand Genom Sci 13:27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fehres H, Linkies A (2018) A mechanized two-step cleaning and disinfection process strongly minimizes pathogen contamination on wooden potato storage boxes. Crop Protect 103:111–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ficke W, Naumann K, Skadow K, Müller H, Zielke R (1973) Die Lebensdauer von Pectobacterium carotovorum var. atrosepticum (van Hall) Dowson auf dem Pflanzgut und im Bodem. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect 9:281–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Fikowicz-Krosko J, Wszalek-Rozek K, Smolarska A, Czajkowski R (2017) First report of isolation of soft rot Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum from symptomless bittersweet nightshade occurring in rural area of Poland. J Plant Pathol 99:294–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Franc GD, Harrison MD (1987) The role of contaminated irrigation water in the recontamination of Erwinia-free seed potatoes. Am Potato J 64:438–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Franc GD (1988) Long distance transport of Erwinia carotovora in the atmosphere and surface water. PhD, Colorado State University

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujikawa T, Ota N, Sasaki M, Taiki N, Toru I (2019) Emergence of apple bacterial quick decline caused by Dickeya dadantii in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 85:314–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge TL, Hao J, Johnson S (2017) Induced viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state in Dickeya dianthicola. Phytopathology 107:200

    Google Scholar 

  • George AS, Cox CE, Desai P, Porwollik S, Chu W, de Moraes MH, McClelland M, Brandl MT, Teplitski M (2018) Interactions of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Pectobacterium carotovorum within a tomato soft rot. Appl Environ Microbiol 84:e01913-e1917

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • George AS, Gonzalez IS, Lorca GL, Teplitski M (2016) Contribution of the Salmonella enterica KdgR regulon to persistence of the pathogen in vegetable soft rots. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:1353–1360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gokul G, Louis V, Namitha PM, Mathew D, Girija D, Shilaja MR, Abida PS (2019) Variability of Pectobacterium carotovorum causing rhizome rot in banana. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 17:60–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov V, Daminova A, Ageeva M, Petrova O, Gogoleva N, Tarasova N, Gogolev Y (2014) Dissociation of a population of Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 in tobacco plants: Formation of bacteria emboli and dormant cells. Protoplasma 251:499–510

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VY, Daminova AG, Mikshina PV, Petrova OE, Ageeva MV, Salnikov VV, Gorshkova TA, Gogolev YV (2016) Pathogen-induced conditioning of the primary xylem vessels – a prerequisite for the formation of bacterial emboli by Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Plant Biol 18:609–617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorshkov VY, Petrova OE, Mukhametshina NE, Ageeva MV, Mulyukin AL, Gogolev YV (2009) Formation of “Nonculturable” dormant forms of the phytopathogenic enterobacterium Erwinia carotovora. Microbiology 78:585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto M (1979) Bacterial foot rot of rice caused by a strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Phytopathology 69:213–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goudeau DM, Parker CT, Zhou Y, Sela S, Kroupitski Y, Brandl MT (2013) The Salmonella transcriptome in lettuce and cilantro soft rot reveals a niche overlap with the animal host intestine. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:250–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Graham D, Quinn C, Sells IA, Harrison M (1979) Survival of strains of soft rot coliform bacteria on microthreads exposed in the laboratory and in the open air. J Appl Bacteriol 46:367–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grenier A-M, Duport G, Pagès S, Condemine G, Rahbé Y (2006) The phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) is a pathogen of the pea aphid. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1956–1965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gudmestad NC, Secor GA (1983) The bionomics of Erwinia carotovora in North Dakota. Am Potato J 60:759–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison M, Franc G, Maddox D, Michaud J, Mccarter-Zorner N (1987) Presence of Erwinia carotovora in surface water in North America. J Appl Bacteriol 62:565–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison MD, Nielsen JM (1986) Compendium of potato diseases. In: Hooker WJ (ed) American Phytopathological Society, pp 27–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassanzadeh N (1990) Characterization of a new soft rot Erwinia to banana in Iran. Iranian J Plant Pathol 26:13–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Haygood RA, Strider DL, Echandi E (1982) Survival of Erwinia chrysanthemi in association with Philodendron selloum other greenhouse ornamentals and in potting media. Phytopathology 72:853–859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hellmers E (1958) Four wilt diseases of perpetual flowering carnations in Denmark. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 18:95–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, M,; Li J, Chen R, Li W, Feng L, Shi L, Xue Y, Feng X, Zhang L, Zhou J, et al (2018) Dickeya zeae strains isolated from rice, banana and clivia rot plants show great virulence differentials. BMC Microbiol 18:136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YF, Liu CY, Wang H, Guan TS, Liu L (2017) Bacterial soft rot of eggplant caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in China. J Plant Pathol 99:810–810

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Brochier-Armanet C Flandrois J-P, Reverchon S (2020) Dickeya poaceiphila sp. nov., a plant-pathogenic bacterium isolated from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hugouvieux Cotte Pattat N, Jacot des Combes C, Briolay J, (2019) Dickeya lacustris sp. nov., a water-living pectolytic bacterium isolated from lakes in France. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:721–726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iasur-Kruh L, Naor V, Zahavi T, Ballinger MJ, Sharon R, Robinson WE, Perlman SJ, Zchori-Fein E (2017) Bacterial associates of Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae), the insect vector of bois noir disease, with a focus on cultivable bacteria. Res Microbiol 168:94–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova NV, Dewaard JR, Hebert PDN (2006) An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA. Mol Ecol Notes 6:998–1002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffar NS, Osman MS, Koyube MNK (2019) New bacterial fruit rot disease of jackfruit caused by Dickeya fangzhongdai in Malaysia Malaysian. J Microbiol 15:314–319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafra S, Przysowa J, Gwizdek-Wisniewska A, van der Wolf JM (2009) Potential of bulb-associated bacteria for biocontrol of hyacinth soft rot caused by Dickeya zeae. J Appl Microbiol 106:268–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorge P, Harrison M (1986) The association of Erwinia carotovora with surface water in northeastern Colorado. I. The presence and population of the bacterium in relation to location, season and water temperature. Am Potato J 63:517–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jowkar MM, Khalighi A, Kafi M, Hassanzadeh N (2013). Evaluation of aluminium sulfate as vase solution biocide on postharvest microbial and physiological properties of ‘Cheery Brandy’ rose. In: VII International Postharvest symposium, vol 1012, pp 615–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Joynson R, Pritchard L, Osemwekha E, Ferry N (2017) Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome of the common black slug arion ater in search of novel lignocellulose degrading enzymes. Front Microbiol 8:2181

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Joynson R, Swamy A, Bou PA, Chapuis A, Ferry N (2014) Characterization of cellulolytic activity in the gut of the terrestrial land slug Arion ater: Biochemical identification of targets for intensive study. Comp Biochem Physiol B-Biochem Mol Biol 177:29–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junqueira ACM, Ratan A, Acerbi E, Drautz-Moses DI, Premkrishnan BNV, Costea PI, Linz B, Purbojati RW, Paulo DF, Gaultier NE, Subramanian P, Hasan NA, Colwell RR, Bork P, Azeredo-Espin AML, Bryant DA, Schuster SC (2017) The microbiomes of blowflies and houseflies as bacterial transmission reservoirs. Sci Rep 7:16324

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jurkevitch E, Minz D, Ramati B, Barel G (2000) Prey range characterization, ribotyping, and diversity of soil and rhizosphere Bdellovibrio spp. Isolated on Phytopathogenic Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2365–2371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kang M, Kim SJ, Yoon SR, Lee HW, Lee JY, Ha JH (2019) Determination of transfer patterns of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum planktonic cells and biofilm during mechanical cutting of Kimchi cabbage. J Food Sci 84:2603–2609

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein P, Forch M, Krijger M, van der Zouwen P, van den Berg W, van der Wolf J (2020) Systemic colonization of potato plants resulting from potato haulm inoculation with Dickeya solani and Pectobacterium parmentieri. Can J Plant Pathol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khayi S, Blin P, Pédron J, Chong T-M, Chan K-G, Moumni M, Hélias V, Van Gijsegem F, Faure D (2015) Population genomics reveals additive and replacing horizontal gene transfers in the emerging pathogen Dickeya solani. BMC Genom 16:788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kikumoto T, Sakamoto M (1969) Ecological studies on the soft rot bacteria of vegetables. VII. The preferential stimulation of the soft rot bacteria in the rhizosphere of crop plants and weeds. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 35:36–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kloepper JW, Harrison MD, Brewer JW (1979) The association of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica and Erwinia carotovora var carotovora with insects in colorado. Am Potato J 56:351–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kloepper JW, Brewer J, Harrison MD (1981) Insect transmission of Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora and Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica to potato plants in the field. Am Potato J 58:165–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krzyzanowska DM, Potrykus M, Golanowska M, Polonis K, Gwizdek-Wisniewska A, Lojkowska E et al (2012) Rhizosphere bacteria as potential biocontrol agents against soft rot caused by various Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. strains. J Plant Pathol 94:367–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubheka G, Coutinho T, Moleleki N, Moleleki L (2013) Colonisation patterns of an mCherry-tagged Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense strain in potato plants. Phytopathology 103:1268–1279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Hunjan MS, Kaur H, Dhillon HK, Singh PP (2017) Biochemical responses associated with resistance to bacterial stalk rot caused by Dickeya zeae in maize. J Phytopathol 165:822–832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan G, Charkowski AO, Barak JD (2013) Salmonella enterica suppresses Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum population and soft rot progression by acidifying the microaerophilic environment. mBio 4:e00557-12

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapwood DH, Harris RI (1982) The spread of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and subsp. carotovora from stem lesions and degenerating seed tubers to progeny tubers in soil. Potato Res 25:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurila J, Ahola V, Lehtinen A et al (2008) Characterization of Dickeya strains isolated from potato and river water samples in Finland. Eur J Plant Pathol 122:213–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurila J, Hannukkala A, Nykyri J et al (2010) Symptoms and yield reduction caused by Dickeya spp. strains isolated from potato and river water in Finland. Eur J Plant Pathol 126:249–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leach JG (1926) The relation of the seed-corn maggot (Phorbia fusciceps Zett.) to the spread and development of potato blackleg in Minnesota. Phytopathology 16:149–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh J, Coplin D (1992) Extrapolysaccharides in plant-bacterial interactions. Annu Rev Microbiol 46:307–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Qui W, Fang Y, Xie GL (2009) Bacterial stem rot of Oncidium orchid caused by a Dickeya sp. (ex Pectobacterium chrysanthemi) in mainland China. Plant Dis 93:552–552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li WQ, Jia YL, Liu FQ, Wang FQ, Fan FJ, Wang J, Zhu JY, Xu Y, Zhong WG, Yang J (2018a) Genome-wide identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs responsive to Dickeya zeae in rice. RSC Adv 8:34408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Wang T, Luo X, Li X, Xia C, Zhao Y et al (2018b) Biocontrol potential of Myxococcus sp. strain BS against bacterial soft rot of calla lily caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum. Biol Control 126:36–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JA, Jee S, Lee DH, Roh E, Jung K, Oh C et al (2013) Biocontrol of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum using bacteriophage PP1. J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:1147–1153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YH, Lee PJ, Sjie WT, Chern LL, Chao YC (2015) Pectobacterium chrysanthemi as the dominant causal agent of bacterial soft rot in Oncidium ‘Grower Ramsey.’ Eur J Plant Pathol 142:331–343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsky A, Cohen A, Ion A, Yedidia I (2014) Genetic transformation of Ornithogalum via particle bombardment and generation of Pectobacterium carotovorum-resistant plants. Plant Sci 228:150–158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Littlejohn GM (2006) Star of bethlehem Ornithogalum. In: Anderson NO (ed) Flower breeding and genetics. Springer Netherlands, Amsterdam , pp 739–752

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Coulthurst SJ, Pritchard L, Hedley PE, Ravensdale M, Humphris S, Burr T, Gunnhild T, Brurberg M-B, Birch PRJ, Salmond GCP, Toth IK (2008) Quorum sensing coordinates brute force and stealth modes of infection in the plant pathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000093

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Zhou M, Yang L, Luo W, Che S, Su J, Zhao B, Lu Y, Hu B, Fan J (2019) First report of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense causing soft rot on Raphanus sativus in China. Plant Dis 103:1409–1409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu QG, Zhang Q, Wei CD (2013) Advances in research of rice bacterial foot rot. Sci Agric Sin 46:2923–2931

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez CA, Stall RE, Bartz JA (1986) Bacterial stork and top rot of maize in Florida caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi pv zeae. Plant Dis 70:259–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luzzatto T, Yishay M, Lipsky A, Ion A, Belausov E, Yedidia I (2007) Efficient, long-lasting resistance against the soft rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum in calla lily provided by the plant activator methyl jasmonate. Plant Pathol 56:692–701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma B, Hibbing ME, Kim HS, Reedy RM, Yedidia I, Breuer J, Glasner JD, Perna N, Kelman A, Charkowski AO (2007) Host range and molecular phylogenies of the soft rot enterobacterial genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya. Phytopathology 97:1150–1163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maddox D, Harrison M (1988) Presence and population dynamics of Erwinia carotovora in irrigation water in south central Colorado. J Appl Bacteriol 64:169–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoudi E, Soleimani MJ, Taghavi M (2007) Defection of bacterial soft rot of crown imperial caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp carotovorum using specific PCR primers. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 46:168–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antunez-Lamas M, Cabrera-Ordonez E, Lopez-Solanilla E, Raposo R, Trelles-Salazar O, Rodrıguez-Moreno A, Rodrıguez-Palenzuela P (2009) Role of motility and chemotaxis in the pathogenesis of Dickeya dadantii 3937 (ex Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937). Microbiology 155:434–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Cisneros BA, Juarez-Lopez G, Valencia-Torres N, Duran-Peralta E, Mezzalama M (2014) First report of bacterial stalk rot of maize caused by Dickeya zeae in Mexico. Plant Dis 98:1267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinson VG, Carpinteyro-Ponce J, Moran NA, Markow TA (2017) A distinctive and host-restricted gut microbiota in populations of a cactophilic Drosophila species. Appl Environ Microbiol 83:e01551-e11517

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCarter-Zorner NJ, Harrison MD, Franc GD, Quinn CE, Sells IA, Graham DC (1985) Soft rot Erwinia bacteria in the rhizosphere of weeds and crop plants in Colorado USA and Scotland UK. J Appl Bacteriol 59:357–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarter-Zorner NJ, Franc GD, Harrison MD, Michaud JE, Quinn CE, Sells IA, Graham DC (1984) Soft rot Erwinia bacteria in surface and underground waters in southern Scotland and in Colorado, United States. J Appl Bacteriol 57:95–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan RT, Palmateer A, Vendrame W (2007) Effect of roguing on Erwinia soft rot in commercial production with two Phalaenopsis plants per pot. Proc Florida State Horticult Soc 120:353–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Mejia-Sanchez D, Aranda-Ocampo S, Nava-Diaz C, Teliz-Ortiz D, Livera-Munoz M, De La Torre-Almaraz R, Ramirez-Alarcon S (2019) Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense causes soft rot and death of Neobuxbaumia tetetzo in Zapotitlan Salinas Valley, Puebla, Mexico. Plant Dis 103:398–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meneley JC, Stanghellini ME (1976) Isolation of soft rot Erwinia spp. from agricultural soils using an enrichment technique. Phytopathology 66:367–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles LA, Lopera CA, González S, de García MCC, Franco AE, Restrepo S (2012) Exploring the biocontrol potential of fungal endophytes from an Andean Colombian Paramo ecosystem. Biocontrol 57:697–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molina JJ, Harrison MD, Brewer JW (1974) Transmission of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica by Drosophila melanogaster Meig. I. Acquisition and transmission of the bacterium. Am J Potato Res 51:245–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris CE, Monteil CL, Berge O (2013) The Life History of Pseudomonas syringae: Linking Agriculture to Earth System Processes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 51:85–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nabhan S, De Boer SH, Maiss E, Wydra K (2013) Pectobacterium aroidearum sp. nov., a soft rot pathogen with preference for monocotyledonous plants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 63:2520–2525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nabhan S, Wydra K, Linde M, Debener T (2012) The use of two complementary DNA assays, AFLP and MLSA, for epidemic and phylogenetic studies of pectolytic enterobacterial strains with focus on the heterogeneous species Pectobacterium carotovorum. Plant Pathol 61:498–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neevesbrun C (1985) Infection of roots of Diffenbachia-maculata by the foliar blight and soft rot pathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi. Plant Pathol 34:139–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noel JT, Joy J, Smith JN, Fatica M, Schneider KR, Ahmer BM, Teplitski M (2010) Salmonella SdiA recognizes N-acyl homoserine lactone signals from Pectobacterium carotovorum in vitro, but not in a bacterial soft rot. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 23:273–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nor AAM, Zainol R, Abdullah R, Jaffar NS, Rasid MZA, Laboh R, Shafawi NA, Aziz NBA (2019) Dissemination pattern of bacterial heart rot (BHR) disease and screening of the disease resistance among commercial pineapple varieties in Malaysia. Malaysian J Microbiol 15:346–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norman D, Yuen J, Resendiz R, Boswell J (2003) Characterization of Erwinia populations from nursery retention ponds and lakes infecting ornamental plants in Florida. Plant Dis 87:193–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nykyri J, Fang X, Dorati F, Bakr R, Pasanen M, Niemi O, Palva ET, Jackson RW, Pirhonen M (2014) Evidence that nematodes may vector he soft rot-causing enterobacterial phytopathogens. Plant Pathol 63:747–757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogoshi C, Monteiro FP, Becker WF, Kvitschal MV, Cardoza YF, Zanin JG, Duarte V (2019) First report of Dickeya dadantii causing a new disease of apple trees in Brazil. New Dis Rep 39:8–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson K (1985) Detection of Erwinia spp. in some Swedish streams. Report of the international conference on potato blackleg disease, pp 45–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Oulghazi S, Pédron J, Cigna J, Lau YY, Moumni M, Van Gijsegem F, Chan KG, Faure D (2019) Dickeya undicola sp. nov., a novel species for pectolytic isolates from surface waters in Europe and Asia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:2440–2444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oulghazi S, Cigna J, Lau YY, Moumni M, Chan KG, Faure D (2019) Transfer of the waterfall source isolate Pectobacterium carotovorum M022 to Pectobacterium fontis sp. Nov., a deep-branching species within the genus Pectobacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:470–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palacio-Bielsa A, Mosquera MER, MaC Á, Rodríguez IMB, López-Solanilla E, Rodríguez-Palenzuela P (2010) Phenotypic diversity, host range and molecular phylogeny of Dickeya isolates from Spain. Eur J Plant Pathol 127:311–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park DS, Oh HW, Jeong WJ, Kim H, Park HY, Bae KS (2007) A culture-based study of the bacterial communities within the guts of nine longicorn beetle species and their exo-enzyme producing properties for xylan and pectin. J Microbiol 45:394–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson N, Devos P, Pirhonen M, Elphinstone J (2014a) Dickeya aquatica sp. nov., isolated from waterways. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64:2264–2266

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson N, Pritchard L, Bryant R, Toth IK, Elphinstone JE (2014b) Epidemiology of Dickeya dianthicola and Dickeya solani in ornamental hosts and potato studied using variable number tandem repeat analysis. Eur J Plant Pathol 141:63–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson N, Stead D, Bew J, Heeney J, Tsror L, Elphinstone J (2009) Dickeya species relatedness and clade structure determined by comparison of recA sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:2388–2393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasanen M, Waleron M, Schott T, Cleenwerck I, Misztak A, Waleron K, Pritchard L, Bakr R, Degefu Y, van der Wolf J, Vandamme P, Pirhonen M (2020) Pectobacterium parvum sp. nov., having a Salmonella SPI-1-like Type III secretion system and low virulence. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. doi https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004057

  • Pédron J, Van Gijsegem F (2019) Diversity in the bacterial genus Dickeya grouping plant pathogens and waterways isolates. OBM Genetics 3:22

    Google Scholar 

  • Pédron J, Bertrand C, Taghouti G, Portier P, Barny MA (2019) Pectobacterium aquaticum sp. nov, isolated from waterways. Int J Syst Evol Biol 69:745–751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peltzer S, Sivasithamparam K (1988) Sero-groups of Erwinia carotovora associated with water, soil, tuber, and stems of potato plants in Western Australia. New Zealand J Exp Agric 16:265–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon M, Hyman L (1987) Frequency of Erwinia carotovora in the Alyth Burn in eastern Scotland and the sources of the bacterium. J Appl Bacteriol 63:281–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon M, Hyman L (1989) Survival of soft rot coliforms, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica in soil in Scotland. J Appl Bacteriol 66:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon MC, Kelman A (1980) Ecology of the soft rot erwinias. Annu Rev Phytopathol 18:361–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon MCM (1992) Potato blackleg: epidemiology, host–pathogen interaction and control. Netherlands J Plant Pathol 98(Suppl. 2):135–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon MCM, Kelman A (1987) Blackleg and other potato diseases caused by soft rot erwinias; proposal for revision of terminology. Plant Dis 71:283–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon MCM, Lumb VM, Zutra D, Hyman LJ, Burnett EM (1989) Factors affecting potato blackleg development. In: Tjamos EC, Beckman CH (eds) Proceedings of the NATO advanced research workshop on ‘the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the development of vascular wilt diseases of plants’ 1988. Springer-Verlag, Cape Sounion, Greece. Berlin, pp 421–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon MCM, Salmond GPC (1995) Bacterial soft rot. In: Singh RP, Kohmoto K (eds) Singh US. Pathogenesis and host specificity in plant diseases, Pergamon Press, pp 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérombelon MCM (2002) Potato diseases caused by soft rot erwinias: an overview of pathogenesis. Plant Pathol 51:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips JA, Kelman A (1982) Direct fluorescent antibody stain procedure applied to insect transmission of Erwinia carotovora. Phytopathology 72:898–901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portier P, Pédron J, Taghouti G, Fischer-Le Saux M, Caullireau E, Bertrand C, Laurent A, Chawki K, Oulgazi S, Moumni M, Andrivon D, Dutrieux C, Faure D, Helias V, Barny MA (2019) Elevation of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. odoriferum to species level as Pectobacterium odoriferum sp. nov., proposal of Pectobacterium brasiliense sp. nov. and Pectobacterium actinidiae sp. nov., emended description of Pectobacterium carotovorum and description of Pectobacterium versatile sp. nov., isolated from streams and symptoms on diverse plants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:3214–3223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potrykus M, Golanowska M, Sledz W, Zoledowska S, Motyka A et al (2016) Biodiversity of Dickeya spp. isolated from potato plants and water sources in temperate climate. Plant Dis 100:408–417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powelson ML, Apple JD (1984) Soil and seed tubers as sources of inoculum of Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora for stem soft rot potatoes. Phytopathology 74:429–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard L, Humphris S, Saddler GS, Elphinstone JG, Pirhonen M. Toth IK (2013) Draft genome sequences of 17 isolates of the plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya. Genome Announcements 1:10.1128/genomeA.00978-13

    Google Scholar 

  • Pu XM, Zhou JN, Lin BR, Shen HF (2012) First report of bacterial foot rot of rice caused by a Dickeya zeae in China. Plant Dis 96:1818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rangarajan M, Chakravarti BP (1970) Studies on the survival of corn stalk rot bacteria. Plant Soil 33:140–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas CM, Ham JH, Deng WL, Doyle JJ, Collmer A (2002) HecA, a member of a class of adhesins produced by diverse pathogenic bacteria, contributes to the attachment, aggregation, epidermal cell killing and virulence phenotype of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 on Nicotiana clevelandii seedlings. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13142–13147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmann S, Dees MW, Perminow J, Meadow R, Brurberg MB (2018) Soft rot Enterobacteriaceae are carried by a large range of insect species in potato fields. Appl Environ Microbiol 84:UNSPe00281

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadeghi-Seraii J, Khodakaramian G, Rouhrazi K (2018) First report of garlic soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp carotovorum in Iran. J Plant Pathol 100:125–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samson R, Legendre JB, Christen R, Fischer-Le Saux M, Achouak W, Gardan L (2005) Transfer of Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Brenner et al. 1973 and Brenneria paradisiaca to the genus Dickeya gen. nov as Dickeya chrysanthemi comb. nov and Dickeya paradisiaca comb. nov and delineation of four novel species, Dickeya dadantii sp nov., Dickeya dianthicola sp nov., Dickeya dieffenbachiae sp nov and Dickeya zeae sp nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:1415–1427 (32)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarfraz S, Riaz K, Oulghazi S, Cigna J, Sahi ST, Khan SH, Faure D (2018) Pectobacterium punjabense sp nov., isolated from blackleg symptoms of potato plants in Pakistan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:3551–3556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2013) Scientific Opinion on the risk of Dickeya dianthicola for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. EFSA J 11:3072

    Google Scholar 

  • Seo ST, Furuya N, Lim CK, Takanami Y, Tsuchiya K (2002) Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora strains from Asia. J Phytopathol 150:120–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smid EJ, Jansen AHJ, Tuijn CJ (1993) Anaerobic nitrate respiration by Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica during potato tuber invasion. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3648–3653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith C, Bartz JA (1990) Variation in the pathogenicity and aggressiveness of strains of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora Isolated from different hosts. Plant Dis 74:505–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snehalatharani A, Khan AN (2010) Biochemical and physiological characterization of Erwinia species causing tip-over disease of banana. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect 43:1072–1080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snijder RC, Van Tuyl JM (2002) Evaluation of tests to determine resistance of Zantedeschia spp. Araceae to soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora. Eur J Plant Pathol 108:565–571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sudarsono S, Elina J, Giyanto G, Sukma D (2018) Pathogen causing Phalaenopsis soft rot disease-16S rDNA and virulence characterization. Plant Prot Sci 54:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sueno W, Marrero G, De Silva A, Sether D, Alvarez A (2014) Diversity of Dickeya strains collected from pineapple plants and irrigation water in Hawaii. Plant Dis 98:817–824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suharjo R, Sawada H, Takikawa Y (2014) Phylogenetic study of Japanese Dickeya spp. and development of new rapid identification methods using PCR-RFLP. J Gen Plant Pathol 80:237–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thind BS, Singh N (1975) Maize borer (Chilo partellus) as carrier of Erwinia carotovora var. zeae, the causal agent of bacterial stalk rot of maize. Curr Sci 45:117–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian Y, Zhao Y, Yuan X, Yi J, Fan J, Xu Z, Hu B, De Boer SH, Li X (2016) Dickeya fangzhongdai sp. nov., a plant pathogenic bacterium isolated from pear trees (Pyrus pyrifolia). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:2831–2835

    Google Scholar 

  • Toth IK, Humphris S, Campbell E, Pritchard L (2015) Why genomics research on Pectobacterium and Dickeya makes a difference. Am J Potato Res 92:218–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Toth IK, Pritchard L, Birch PRJ (2006) Comparative genomics reveals what makes an enterobacterial plant pathogen. Annu Rev Phytopathol 44:305–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toth IK, van der Wolf JM, Saddler G, Lojkowska E, Hélias V, Pirhonen M, Tsror (Lahkim) L, Elphinstone JG, (2011) Review: Dickeya species: An emerging problem for potato production in Europe. Plant Pathol 60:385–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai WA, Lin PR, Huang CJ (2019) First report of Dickeya fangzhongdai causing soft rot disease of Welsh onion in Taiwan. J Plant Pathol 101:797–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsror (Lahkim) L, Ben-Daniel B, Chalupowicz L, van der Wolf J, Lebiush S, Erlich O, Dror O, Barel V, Nijhuis E, Manulis-Sasson S, (2013) Characterization of Dickeya strains isolated from potato grown under hot-climate conditions. Plant Pathol 62:1097–1105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsror L, Erlich O, Lebiush S et al (2009) Assessment of recent outbreaks of Dickeya sp. (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi) slow wilt in potato crops in Israel. Eur J Plant Pathol 123:311–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsror L, Erlich O, Lebiush S, Van Der Wolf J, Czajkowski R, Mozes G, Sikharulidze Z, Daniel BB (2011) First report of potato blackleg caused by a biovar 3 Dickeya sp. in Georgia. New Dis Rep 23:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsror L, Lebiush S, Erlich O, Galilov I, Chalupowicz L, Reuven M, Dror O, Manulis-Sasson S (2019) First report of latent infection of Malva nicaeensis caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense in Israel. New Dis Rep 39:4

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Wolf J, Czajkowski R, Velvis H (2009) Effectieve kolonisatie van aardappelplanten door Dickeya soorten (Erwinia chrysanthemi). Gewasbescherming Jaargang 4:169–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Wolf JM, Nijhuis EH, Kowalewska MJ, Saddler GS, Parkinson N, Elphinstone JG, Pritchard L, Toth IK, Lojkowska E, Potrykus M, Waleron M, de Vos P, Cleenwerck I, Pirhonen M, Garlant L, Helias V, Pothier JF, Pfluger V, Duffy B, Tsror L, Manulis S (2014) Dickeya solani sp. Nov., a pectolytis plant-pathogenic bacterium isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64:768–774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Doorn J, Vreeburg PJM, van Leeuwen PJ, Dees RHL (2011) The presence and survival of soft rot (Erwinia) in flower bulb production systems. Acta Horticulurae 886:365–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velvis H, van der Wolf J (2008) Project Bacterievrije Pootgoedteelt – een Uitdaging! Eindrapport van het Ond erzoek. [Bacterium-free Seed Production Project – a Challenge. Final Report of the Investigation]. A project financially supported by the EU, the province of Flevoland, LIB, Rabobank and Interpolis Agro. https://www.kennisakker.nl

  • Waleron M, Misztak A, Waleron M, Franczuk M, Wielgomas B, Waleron K (2018) Transfer of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp carotovorum strains isolated from potatoes grown at high altitudes to Pectobacterium peruviense sp nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 41:85–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waleron M, Misztak A, Waleron M, Franczuk M, Jonca J, Wielgomas B, Mikicinski A, Popovic T, Waleron K (2019b). Pectobacterium zantedeschiae sp. nov. a new species of a soft rot pathogen isolated from Calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.) Syst Appl Microbiol 42:275–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Waleron M, Misztak A, Waleron M, Jonca J, Furmaniak M, Waleron K (2019) Pectobacterium polonicum sp. nov. isolated from vegetable fields. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 69:1751–1759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Yang Zhongling DuS, Ma L, Liao Y, Wang Y, Toth IK, Fan J (2018) Characterisation of Pectobacterium carotovorum proteins differentially expressed during infection of Zantedeschia elliotiana in vivo and in vitro which are essential for virulence. Mol Plant Pathol 19:35–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Jin L, Zhang H (2011) Comparison of the diversity of the bacterial communities in the intestinal tract of adult Bactrocera dorsalis from three different populations. J Appl Microbiol 110:1390–1401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, He S-W, Guo H-B, Han J-G, Thin KK, Gao J-S, Yao Wang Y and Zhang X-X (2020) Dickeya oryzae sp. nov., isolated from the roots of rice. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol ijsem004265

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei X-Y, Chiu Y-H, Deng W-L, Chu C-C (2018) First report of Dickeya dadantii causing stem rot of poinsettia in Taiwan. Plant Dis 103:143–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells JM, Butterfield JE (1997) Salmonella contamination associated with bacterial soft rot of fresh fruits and vegetables in the marketplace. Plant Dis 81:867–872

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welte CU, de Graaf RM, van den Bosch TJM, Op den Camp HJM, van Dam NM, Jetten MSM (2015) Plasmids from the gut microbiome of cabbage root fly larvae encode SaxA that catalyses the conversion of the plant toxin phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Environ Microbiol 18:1379–1390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welte CU, Rosengarten JF, de Graaf RM, Jetten MSM (2016) SaxA-mediated isothiocyanate metabolism in phytopathogenic pectobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:2372–2379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wright PJ, Clark GE, McLachlan ARG (2011) Effects of wounding, inoculation with Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, water logging and temperature on incidence of bacterial soft rot in calla lilly. In: X International symposium on flower bulbs and herbaceous perennials, vol 886, pp 399–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright PJ (1998) A soft rot of calla (Zantedeschia spp.) caused by Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora. New Zealand J Crop Horticult Sci 26:331–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie H, Li XY, Ma YL, Tian Y (2018) First report of Pectobacterium aroidearum causing soft rot of chinese cabbage in China. Plant Dis 102:674–674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki A, Li J, Hutchins WC, Wang L, Ma J, Ibekwe AM, Yang CH (2011) Commensal effect of pectate lyases secreted from Dickeya dadantii on proliferation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933 on lettuce leaves. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:156–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan MF, Liu B, Zou MF, Zhou Y, Jiang JX (2019) First report of summer canker caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. actinidiae on kiwifruit in Jiangxi, eastern China. J Plant Pathol 101:789–789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang QY, Jiang SB, Zhang JX, Shen HF, Sun DY, Pu XM, Lin BR (2018) First report of Dickeya zeae causing bacterial soft rot on Canna edulis in China. Plant Dis 103:146–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yedidia I, Ophir R, Yishay M, Ion A, Luzzatto T, Golan A, Burdman S (2011) A story of an old battle: Pectobacterium carotovorum and ornamental monocots. Acta Hort 886:417–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ying FX, Hu XF, Chen JS (2007) First report of soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum on Pinellia ternata in China. Plant Dis 91:1359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yishay M, Burdman S, Valverde A, Luzzatto T, Ophir R, Yedidia I (2008) Differential pathogenicity and genetic diversity among Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum isolates from monocot and dicot hosts support early genomic divergence within this taxon. Environ Microbiol 10:2749–2759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaczek-Moczydlowska MA, Fleming CC, Young GK, Campbell K, O’Hanlon R (2019) Pectobacterium and Dickeya species detected in vegetables in Northern Ireland. Eur J Plant Pathol 154:635–647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JX, Hu J, Shen HF, Zhang YC, Sun DY, Pu XM, Yang QY, Fan QR, Lin BR (2018) Genomic analysis of the Phalaenopsis pathogen Dickeya sp. PA1, representing the emerging species Dickeya fangzhongdai. BMC Genom 19:782

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JX, Shen HF, Pu XM (2014) Identification of Dickeya zeae as a causal agent of bacterial soft rot in banana in China. Plant Dis 98:436–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou JN, Lin BR, Shen HF, Pu XM, Chen ZN, Feng JJ (2012) First report of a soft rot of Phalaenopsis aphrodite caused by Dickeya dieffenbachiae in China. Plant Dis 96:760–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlatkovic N, Prokic A, Gasic K, Kuzmanovic M, Ivanovic M, Obradovic A (2019) First report of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense causing soft rot on squash and watermelon in Serbia. Plant Dis 103:2667–2667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoledowska S, Motyka A, Zukowska D, Sledz W, Lojkowska E (2018) Population structure and biodiversity of Pectobacterium parmentieri isolated from potato fields in temperate climate. Plant Dis 102:154–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK

    Ian K. Toth

  2. Sorbonne Université, INRAE, Paris, France

    Marie-anne Barny & Frédérique Van Gijsegem

  3. Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France

    Guy Condemine

  4. University of Gdansk, IFB UG and MUG, Gdansk, Poland

    Robert Czajkowski

  5. Fera Science Ltd, York, UK

    John G. Elphinstone

  6. FN3PT/inov3PT, Paris, France

    Valérie Helias

  7. University of Maine, Maine, USA

    Steven B. Johnson

  8. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Lucy N. Moleleki & Jacquie E. van der Waals

  9. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Minna Pirhonen

  10. NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway

    May B. Brurberg & Simeon Rossmann

  11. Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat, Israel

    Leah Tsror

  12. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands

    Jan M. van der Wolf

  13. Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Israel

    Iris Yedidia

Authors
  1. Ian K. Toth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marie-anne Barny
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. May B. Brurberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guy Condemine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Robert Czajkowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. John G. Elphinstone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Valérie Helias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Steven B. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Lucy N. Moleleki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Minna Pirhonen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Simeon Rossmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Leah Tsror
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Jacquie E. van der Waals
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jan M. van der Wolf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Frédérique Van Gijsegem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Iris Yedidia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ian K. Toth .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. IEES, Sorbonne Université, French National Institute of Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Paris, France

    Frédérique Van Gijsegem

  2. Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Jan M. van der Wolf

  3. James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK

    Ian K. Toth

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Toth, I.K. et al. (2021). Pectobacterium and Dickeya: Environment to Disease Development. In: Van Gijsegem, F., van der Wolf, J.M., Toth, I.K. (eds) Plant Diseases Caused by Dickeya and Pectobacterium Species. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61459-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation