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Urinary Tract

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Pediatric Ultrasound

Abstract

Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice for assessment of the urinary tract in children, particularly in the workup of hydronephrosis, urinary tract infection, kidney masses, and bladder abnormalities. Other important applications include the evaluation of stone disease, kidney failure, renovascular disease, and kidney transplants. This chapter reviews the development and anatomy of the urinary tract followed by an overview of ultrasound imaging features of urinary tract disorders in children. Brief discussions of clinical presentation and treatment approach are also included.

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Abbreviations

AAST:

American Association for the Surgery of Trauma

ACKD:

Acquired cystic kidney disease

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

AVF:

Arteriovenous fistula

ATN:

Acute tubular necrosis

ATRT:

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor

CEUS:

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound

CeVUS:

Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

COG:

Children’s Oncology Group

CPDN:

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma

CT:

Computed tomography

DMSA:

Dimercaptosuccinic acid

eGFR:

estimated glomerular filtration rate

ESRD:

End-stage renal disease

FDG:

Fluorodeoxyglucose

IVC:

Inferior vena cava

MAG3:

Mercaptoacetyltriglycine

MCDK:

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

MIBG:

Metaiodobenzylguanidine

MR:

Magnetic resonance

MRU:

MR urography

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PNET:

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

PSV:

Peak systolic velocity

PUNLMP:

Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential

PUV:

Posterior urethral valves

RAS:

Renal artery stenosis

RCC:

Renal cell carcinoma

RI:

Resistive index

RVT:

Renal vein thrombosis

SIOP:

International Society of Paediatric Oncology

STING:

Subureteric transurethral injection

SWE:

Shear wave elastography

TCC:

Transitional cell carcinoma

Tc:

Technetium

UPJO:

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

UTD:

Urinary tract dilation

UTI:

Urinary tract infection

UVJ:

Ureterovesical junction

UVJO:

Ureterovesical junction obstruction

VCUG:

Voiding cystourethrography

VHL:

Von Hippel–Lindau

VUR:

Vesicoureteral reflux

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland

    Ghadir H. Kassab

  2. Department of Radiology, National Maternity Hospital and Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, University College Dublin School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland

    Ian Robinson & Gabrielle Christina Maria Colleran

  3. Department of Radiology, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland

    Roisin Hayes

  4. Division of Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Harriet J. Paltiel

  5. Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA

    D. Gregory Bates

  6. Department of Radiology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA

    Harris L. Cohen

  7. Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Richard A. Barth

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  1. Division of Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Harriet J. Paltiel

  2. Division of Thoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward Y. Lee

Electronic Supplementary Material

Renal laceration and perirenal hematoma in a 15-year-old boy. Longitudinal CEUS images demonstrate a linear parenchymal defect of the left mid-kidney extending to the renal hilum and a surrounding fluid collection in keeping with a grade IV AAST injury (MOV 3660 kb)

Wilms’ tumor in a 9-year-old boy. Longitudinal CEUS images reveal a large mass arising from the left kidney containing multiple enhancing nodules, as well as a central avascular zone consistent with necrosis (MOV 14148 kb)

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Kassab, G.H. et al. (2021). Urinary Tract. In: Paltiel, H.J., Lee, E.Y. (eds) Pediatric Ultrasound. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56802-3_17

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