Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mesoscale Meteorology

  • Chapter
Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere

Part of the book series: Meteorological Monographs ((METEOR))

Abstract

In the present book’s predecessor, Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere, mesoscale phenomena hardly rated a mention. Such a comment is certainly no criticism of that work, for their omission simply represented the state of the science: mesoscale meteorology was still in its infancy. Since then our understanding of the mesoscale aspects of weather in both hemispheres has progressed in leaps and bounds. The progress made over the past two decades in understanding mesoscale phenomena has been stimulated in large part by the practical benefits of such research, since mesoscale phenomena account for most of our significant “weather.” Nonetheless, it should be acknowledged that we still have a long way to go in understanding mesoscale weather systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbs, D. J., 1986: Sea-breeze interactions along a concave coastline in southern Australia: Observations and numerical modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 831–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abbs, D. J., and W. L. Physick, 1992: Sea-breeze observations and modelling: A review. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 41, 7–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbs, D. J., and J. B. Jensen, 1993: Numerical modeling of orographi-cally forced postfrontal rain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 189–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, M., 1986: A theoretical study of the inland trough of north-eastern Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 34, 85–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, M., 1993: A linear study of the effects of heating and orography on easterly airstreams with particular reference to northern Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 42, 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, G. D., and G. S. Young, 1992: The relationship between EMEX mesoscale precipitation feature properties and their environmental characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 554–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • André, J.-C., P. Pettré, G. Wendler, and M. Zephoris, 1993: Vertical structure and downslope evolution of antarctic katabatic flows. Waves and Turbulence in Stably Stratified Flows, S. D. Mobbs and J. C. King, Eds., Oxford University Press, 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auer, A. H., 1992: Wave cloud formations in the lee of southern New Zealand. Weather, 47, 103–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baines, P. G., 1980: The dynamics of the southerly buster. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 28, 175–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, F. K., 1956: The theory of strong katabatic winds. Aust. J. Phys., 9, 373–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, F. K., 1957: The katabatic winds of Adelie Land and King George V Land. Tellus, 9, 201–208., 1960: Winds on the ice slopes of Antarctica. Antarctica Meteorology, Permagon Press, 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannister, A. J., and K. J. Smith, 1993: The South Pacific and south-east Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1990–1991. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 42, 175–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannon, P. R., 1981: Synoptic-scale forcing of coastal lows: Forced double Kelvin waves in the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 313–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barclay, J. J., M. R. Jury, and W. Landman, 1993: Climatological and structural differences between wet and dry troughs over southern Africa in the early summer. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, T. B., 1967: Internal waves of permanent form in fluids of great depth. J. Fluid Mech., 29, 559–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, P. G., and G. J. Holland, 1995: The boundary layer of Tropical Cyclone Kerry (1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 20072028.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blockley, J. A., and T. J. Lyons, 1994: Airflow over a two-dimensional escarpment. III: Nonhydrostatic flow. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 79–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bluestein, H. B., G. T. Marks, and M. H. Jain, 1987: Formation of mesoscale lines of precipitation: Nonsevere squall lines in Oklahoma during the spring. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2719–2727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, D., 1984: Generation and propagation of African squall lines. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 695–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonatti, J. P., and V. B. Rao, 1987: Moist baroclinic instability in the development of North Pacific and South American intermediate-scale disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2657–2667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, W. A. R., 1971: What is foehn? Weather, 26, 230–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D. H., 1987: A case study of mesoscale cyclogenesis over the south-western Ross Sea. Antarctic J. U.S., 22, 254–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D. H., 1989a: An extraordinary katabatic wind regime at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 688–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D. H., 1989b: Satellite analyses of antarctic katabatic wind behav- ior. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 738–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D. H., 1989c: Subsynoptic-scale cyclone development in the Ross Sea sector of the Antarctic. Polar and Arctic Lows, P. F. Twitchell, E. A. Rasmussen, and K. L. Davidson, Eds., A. Deepak Publishing, 331–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D. H., 1991: Mesoscale cyclogenesis over the southwestern Ross Sea linked to strong katabatic winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1736–1752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D. H., J. F. Carrasco, and C. R. Stearns, 1992: Satellite observa-tions of katabatic-wind propagation great distances across the Ross ice shelf. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1940–1949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromwich, D. H., Y. Du, and T. R. Parish, 1994: Numerical simulation of winter katabatic winds from West Antarctica crossing Siple Coast and the Ross Ice Shelf. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1417 1435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, K. A., 1990: Organization of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 129–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, K. A., and F. F. Hill, 1985: Mesoscale analysis of a polar trough interacting with a polar front. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 445–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., 1979: A synoptic climatology of satellite-observed extratropical cyclone activity for the Southern Hemisphere winter. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklim., 27B, 265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., 1980: Climatology of the “instant occlusion” phenomenon for the Southern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 177–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., 1981a: Monthly variability of satellite derived cyclonic activity for the Southern Hemisphere winter. J. Climatol., 1, 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., 1981b: Ice—ocean—atmosphere interactions at high southern latitudes in winter from satellite observations. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 29, 183–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., 1992: Synoptic interactions between Antarctica and lower latitudes. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 40, 129–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., and D. A. Carpenter, 1989: Satellite climatology of “polar air” vortices for the Southern Hemisphere winter. Polar and Arctic Lows, P. F. Twitchell, E. A. Rasmussen, and K. L. Davidson, Eds., A. Deepak Publishing, 331–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., and, 1990: Satellite climatology of “polar lows” and broadscale climate associations for the Southern Hemisphere. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 219–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carleton, A. M., and M. Fitch, 1993: Synoptic aspects of antarctic mesocy-clones. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12 997–12 018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco, J. F., and D. H. Bromwich, 1993: Mesoscale cyclogenesis dynamics over the south-western Ross Sea, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12 973–12 995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco, J. F., and, 1994: Climatological aspects of mesoscale cyclogenesis over the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf regions of Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2405–2425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, N. J., 1972: Winds and lee waves over Canterbury, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Sci., 15, 597–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, D. R., 1989: Long nonlinear waves in the lower atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1462–1491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christie, D. R., 1992: The morning glory of the Gulf of Carpentaria: A paradigm for nonlinear waves in the lower atmosphere. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 41, 21–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, D. R., and K. J. Muirhead, 1983a: Solitary waves: A hazard to aircraft operating at low altitudes. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 31, 97–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, D. R., and, 1983b: Solitary waves: A low-level wind shear hazard to aviation. Int. J. Aviation Safety, 1, 169–190., and A. L. Hales, 1978: On solitary waves in the atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 805–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, D. R., and, 1979: Intrusive density flows in the lower troposphere: A source of atmospheric solutions. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4959–4970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, D. R., and R. H. Clarke, 1981: Solitary waves in the lower atmosphere. Nature, 293, 46–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cifelli, R., and S. A. Rutledge, 1994: Vertical motion structure in maritime continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50-MHz profiler. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2631–2652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1955: Some observations and comments on the sea breeze. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 11, 47–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1961: Mesostructure of dry cold fronts over featureless terrain. J. Meteor., 12, 715–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1972: The morning glory: An atmospheric hydraulic jump. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 304–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1983a: Fair weather nocturnal wind surges and atmospheric bores. Part I: Nocturnal wind surges. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 31, 133–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1983b: Fair weather nocturnal wind surges and atmospheric bores. Part II: Internal atmospheric bores in northern Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 31, 147–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1983c: The “morning glory” of northern Australia. Weath-erwise, 36, 134–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1984: Colliding sea-breezes and the creation of internal atmospheric bore waves: Two-dimensional numerical studies. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 207–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1985: Geostrophic wind over Cape York peninsula and pressure jumps around the Gulf of Carpentaria. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 33, 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1986: Several atmospheric bores and a cold front over southern Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 34, 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1989a: Sea-breezes and waves: The “Kalgoorlie sea-breeze” and the “Goondiwindi breeze.” Aust. Meteor. Mag., 37, 99107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., 1989b: On the mortality of morning glories. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 37, 167–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. H., R. K. Smith, and D. G. Reid, 1981: The morning glory of the Gulf of Carpentaria: An atmospheric undular bore. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1726–1750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. C. P., M. A. F. Silva Dias, and C. A. Nobre, 1995: Environmental conditions associated with Amazonian squall lines: A case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3163–3174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colquhoun, J. R., D. J. Shepherd, C. E. Coulman, R. K. Smith, and K. L. McInnes, 1985: The southerly buster of southeastern Australia: An orographically forced cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 2090–2107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulman, C. E., J. R. Colquhoun, R. K. Smith, and K. L. McInnes, 1985: Orographically forced cold fronts: Mean structure and motion. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 32, 57–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crook, N. A., 1986: The effect of ambient stratification and moisture on the motion of atmospheric undular bores. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crook, N. A., 1988: Trapping of low-level internal gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1533–1541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crook, N. A., and M. J. Miller, 1985: A numerical and analytical study of atmospheric undular bores. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 225–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culf, A. D., and J. F. R. Mcllveen, 1993: Acoustic observations of the peripheral Antarctica boundary layer. Waves and Turbulence in Stably Stratified Flows, S. D. Mobbs and J. C. King, Eds., Oxford University Press, 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. E., 1995a: Vorticity budget for AMEX. Part I: Diagnostics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1620–1635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. E., 19956: Vorticity budget for AMEX. Part II: Simulations of monsoon onset, midtropospheric lows, and tropical cyclone behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1636–1659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. E., and G. J. Holland, 1987: A diagnostic analysis of two intense monsoon depressions over Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 380–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. E., and H. H. Hendon, 1989: Downstream development in the Southern Hemisphere monsoon during FGGE/WMONEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1458–1470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. E., and A. Kumar, 1990: Numerical simulation of the develop-ment of AMEX Tropical Cyclone Irma. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2001–2019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. E., and K. Puri, 1992 Limited area tropical prediction for AMEX. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 40, 179–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, N. E., G. J. Holland, J. L. McBride, and T. D. Keenan, 1990: On the formation of AMEX cyclones Irma and Jason. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1981–2000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. E., and A. Acrivos, 1967: Solitary internal waves in deep water. J. Fluid Mech., 29, 593–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Angelis, D., 1977: World of tropical cyclones: South Indian Ocean. Mariners Wea. Log, 21, 240–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dengler, K., and R. K. Smith, 1998: A monsoon depression over northwestern Australia, part II: A numerical study. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 47, 135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Oliveira, A. P., and D. R. Fitzgarrald, 1993: The Amazon River breeze and the local boundary layer. Part I: Observations. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 63, 141–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, P. E., M. L. Heron, and B. T. McGann, 1985: A tropical winter sea-breeze observed with an HF groundwave radar. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 33, 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, V. A., 1984: A solitary wave disturbance of the marine boundary layer over Spencer Gulf revealed by radar observations of migrating insects. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 131–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake, V. A., 1985: Solitary wave disturbances of the nocturnal boundary layer revealed by radar observations of migrating insects. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 31, 269–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drosdowsky, W., 1984: Structure of a northern Australian squall line system. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 177–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drosdowsky, W., and G. J. Holland, 1987: North Australian cloud lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2645–2659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drosdowsky, W., and F. Woodcock, 1991: The South Pacific and south-east Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1988–1989. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 39, 113–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drosdowsky, W., G. J. Holland, and R. K. Smith, 1989: Structure and evolution of North Australian cloud lines observed during AMEX Phase I. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1181–1192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, C. N., 1978: Baroclinic instability in a reversed shear flow. Meteor. Mag., 107, 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eady, E. T., 1949: Long waves and cyclones. Tellus, 1, 33–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, E. E., and G. J. Holland, 1992: Observations of record cloud-top temperatures in Tropical Cyclone Hilda (1990). Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2240–2251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckermann, S. D., and R. A. Vincent, 1993: VHF radar observations of gravity-wave production by cold fronts over southern Australia. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 785–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, J., 1984: On the theory of the morning glory. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 57, 123–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. S., D. Keyser, L. F. Bosart, and G. M. Lackman, 1994: A satellite-derived clarification scheme for rapid maritime cyclo-genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1381–1416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fandry, C. B., and L. M. Leslie, 1984: A two-layer quasigeostrophic model of summer trough formation in the Australian subtropical easterlies. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 807–818.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fantini, M., and A. Buzzi, 1993: Numerical experiments on a possible mechanism of cyclogenesis in the Antarctic region. Tellus, 45A, 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farkas, E., 1958: Mountain waves over Bank’s Peninsula, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 1, 677–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feren, G., 1995: The “striated delta” cloud system—A satellite imagery precursor to major cyclogenesis in the eastern Australian–western Tasman Sea region. Wea. Forecasting., 10, 286–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkele, K., J. M. Hacker, H. Kraus, and R. A. D. Byron-Scott, 1995: A complete sea-breeze circulation cell derived from aircraft observations. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 73, 299–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch, M., and A. M. Carleton, 1992: Antarctic mesocyclone regimes from satellite and conventional data. Tellus, 44A, 180–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foley, G. R., and B. N. Hanstrum, 1994: The capture of tropical cyclones by cold fronts off the west coast of Australia. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 577–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortune, M. A., and V. E. Kousky, 1983: Two severe freezes in Brazil: Precursors and synoptic evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 181–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, I. J., and T. J. Lyons, 1984: Tropical cyclogenesis: A comparative study of two depressions in the north-west of Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 105–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, I. J., and, 1988: The development of tropical cyclones in the north-west of Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1187–1199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, W. M., and J. L. McBride, 1989: The vertical distribution of heating in AMEX and GATE cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3464–3478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallee, H., and G. Schayes, 1994: Development of a three-dimensional meso-y primitive equation model: Katabatic winds simulation in the area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 671–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallee, H., P. Pettré, and G. Schayes, 1996: Sudden cessation of katabatic wind in Adelelie Land, Antarctica. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 1142–1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gan, M. A., and V. B. Rao, 1991: Surface cyclogenesis over South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1293–1302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gan, M. A., and, 1994: The influence of the Andes Cordillera on transient disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1141–1157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., 1985: The inland boundary layer at low latitudes. I. The nocturnal jet. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 32, 307–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., 1986: Boundary-layer effects on cold fronts at a coastline. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 36, 101–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., 1988: Summertime cold fronts in southeast Australia—Behavior and low-level structure of main frontal types. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 636–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., and W. L. Physick, 1983: Low-level wind response to mesoscale pressure systems. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 27, 69–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., and, 1985: The inland boundary layer at low latitudes. II: Sea breeze influences. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 33, 209–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., and, 1986: Numerical study of atmospheric gravity currents. I: Simulations and observations of cold fronts. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 59, 282–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., and, 1987: Numerical study of atmospheric gravity currents. II: Evolution and external influences. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 60, 88–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., R. K. Smith, and A. J. Troup, 1985: The Australian summertime cool change. Part II: Mesoscale aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 202–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garratt, J. R., P. A. C. Howells, and E. Kowalczyk, 1989: The behavior of dry cold fronts traveling along a coastline. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1208–1220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, M. S., B. E. Kelbe, G. D. Emmitt, and W. B. London, 1987: Generation of convective storms over the escarpment of northeastern South Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 429–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, M. S., and Coauthors, 1990: The Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE2B). A meteorological perspective. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 71, 19–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, M. S., H. L. Massie Jr., J. Halverson, S. Greco, and J. Scada, 1994: Amazon coastal squall lines. Part I: Structure and kinematics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 608–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gauntlett, J., L. M. Leslie, and L. W. Logan, 1984: Numerical experiments in mesoscale prediction over southeast Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1170–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, A. E., 1977: Coastally trapped waves in the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 431–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, J. P., 1994: The South Pacific and south-east Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1991–1992. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 43, 181–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golding, B. W., 1993: A numerical investigation of tropical island thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1417–1433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, B. W., and L. M. Leslie, 1993: The impact of resolution and formation on model simulations of an east coast low. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 42, 105–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace, W., 1991: Hydraulic jump in a fog bank. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 39, 205–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace, W., and I. Holton, 1990: Hydraulic jump signatures associated with Adelaide downslope winds. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 38, 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, S. J., R. Swap, M. Garstang, S. Ulanski, M. Shipham, R. C. Harriss, R. Talbot, M. O. Andrae, and P. Artaxo, 1990: Rainfall and surface kinematic conditions over central Amazonia during ABLE2B. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 17 001–17 014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greco, S. J., J. Scada, J. Halverson, H. L. Massie Jr., W.-K. Tao, and M. Garstang, 1994: Amazon coastal squall lines. Part II: Heat and moisture transports. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 623–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M., M. J. Reeder, D. J. Low, and R. A. Vincent, 1998: Observations of a cut-off low over Southern Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1109–1132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haase, S. P., and R. K. Smith, 1989: The numerical simulation of atmospheric gravity currents. Part II: Environments with stable layers. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 46, 35–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. G., and J. R. Tarifa, 1978: Synoptic aspects of a polar outbreak leading to frost in tropical Brazil. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1545–1556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanstrum, B. N., K. J. Wilson, and S. L. Barrell, 1990a: Prefrontal troughs over southern Australia. I: A climatology. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 22–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanstrum, B. N., and, 1990b: Prefrontal troughs over south-ern Australia. II: A case study of frontogenesis. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 32–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinemann, G., 1990: Mesoscale vortices in the Weddell Sea region (Antarctica). Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 779–793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemann, G., 1996: A wintertime polar low over the eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica): A study with AVHRR, TOVS, SSM/I and conventional data. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 58, 83–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Held, G., 1977: Description of the unusual behavior of a prefrontal squall line in South Africa. J. Appl. Meteor., 16, 651–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hell, R. M., and R. K. Smith, 1998: A monsoon depression over northwestern Australia, part I: A case study. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 47, 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendon, H. H., and K. Woodberry, 1993: The diurnal cycle of tropical convection. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16 623–16 637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, G. D., 1990: Numerical simulation of the August 1986 heavy rainfall event in the Sydney area. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2073–2082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, H. W., 1980: A case of intense cyclogenesis in the Tasman Sea. N.Z. J. Sci., 23, 111–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines, K. M., D. H. Bromwich, and T. R. Parish, 1995: A mesoscale modeling study of the atmospheric circulation of high southern latitudes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1146–1165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., 1984a: On the climatology and structure of tropical cyclones in the Australian/south-west Pacific region: I. Data and tropical storms. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., 1984b: On the climatology and structure of tropical cy-clones in the Australian/south-west Pacific region: II. Hurricanes. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 17–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., 1984c: On the climatology and structure of tropical cy-clones in the Australian/south-west Pacific region: III. Major hurricanes. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 33–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., and T. D. Keenan, 1980: Diurnal variations of convection over the maritime continent. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 223–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., and R. T. Merrill, 1984: On the dynamics of tropical cyclone structural changes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 723–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., and L. M. Leslie, 1986: Ducted coastal ridging over southeastern Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 731–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., and J. L. McBride, 1989: Quasi-trajectory analysis of a sea-breeze front. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 571–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., T. D. Keenan, and G. D. Crane, 1984: Observations of phenomenal temperature perturbations in tropical cyclone Kerry (1979). Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1074–1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., J. L. McBride, R. K. Smith, D. Jasper, and T. D. Keenan, 1986: The BMRC Australian Monsoon Experiment: AMEX. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 67, 1466–1472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, G. J., A. H. Lynch, and L. M. Leslie, 1987: Australian east-coast cyclones. Part I: Synoptic overview and case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 3024–3036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, L. C., and G. J. Holland, 1997a: Australian heavy-rain days and associated east-coast cyclones: 1958–92. J. Climate, 10, 621–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, L. C., and, 1997b: Comments on “The origin and evolu-tion of low-level potential vorticity anomalies during a case of Tasman Sea cyclogenesis.” Tellus, 49A, 401–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horel, J., A. Hahman, and J. Geisler, 1989: An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas. J. Climate, 2, 1388–1403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horel, J., J. Pechmann, A. N. Hahman, and J. E. Geisler, 1994: Simulations of the Amazon basin circulation with a regional model. J. Climate, 7, 56–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, B. J., 1990: Theory of extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W. Robertson, 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877–947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howells, P. A. C., and Y.-H. Kuo, 1988: A numerical study of the mesoscale environment of a southerly buster event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1771–1788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innocentini, V., and E. S. Caetano Neto, 1996: Case study of the 9 August 1988 South Atlantic storm: Numerical simulations of the wave activity. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 78–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. A., and I. Simmonds, 1993: A climatology of Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones. Climate Dyn., 9, 131–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jury, M. R., 1993a: A thermal front within the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Agulhas current south of Africa: Composite aircraft observations. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3297 2204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jury, M. R., 1993b: A preliminary study of the climatological associa-tions and characteristics of tropical cyclones in the SW Indian Ocean. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 101–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jury, M. R., and M. Laing, 1990: A case study of marine cyclogenesis near Cape Town. Tellus, 42A, 246–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzfey, J. J., 1995a: Simulation of extreme New Zealand precipitation events. Part 1: Sensitivity to orography and resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 737–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzfey, J. J., 1995b: Simulation of extreme New Zealand precipitation events. Part II: Mechanics of precipitation development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 755–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., 1982: A diagnostic study of tropical cyclone forecasting in Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 30, 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., and J. I. Templeton, 1983: A comparison of tropical cyclone, hurricane and typhoon mass, and moisture structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 320–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., and S. J. Anderson, 1987: Some examples of surface wind field analysis based on Jindalee skywave radar data. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 35, 153–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., and L. R. Brody, 1988: Synoptic-scale modulation of convection during the Australian summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 71–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., and R. E. Carbone, 1992: A preliminary morphology of precipitation systems in tropical northern Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 283–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., and S. A. Rutledge, 1993: Mesoscale characteristics of monsoonal convection and associated stratiform precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 352–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., G. J. Holland, M. J. Manton, and J. Simpson, 1988: TRMM ground truth in a monsoon environment: Darwin, Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 36, 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., J. L. McBride, G. J. Holland, N. Davidson, and B. Gunn, 1989a: Diurnal variations during the Australian Monsoon Ex- periment (AMEX) Phase II. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2535–2552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., B. R. Morton, M. J. Manton, and G. J. Holland, 1989b: The Island Thunderstorm Experiment (ITEX): A study of tropical maritime continent thunderstorms. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 152–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., Y. S. Zhang, and K. Nyguen, 1990: Some charac-teristics of thunderstorms over Bathurst and Melville Islands near Darwin, Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 1153–1172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., R. J. Potts, and J. Wilson, 1991: The Darwin Area Forecast-ing Experiment: Description and preliminary results. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 39, 211–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, T. D., B. Ferrier, and J. Simpson, 1994: Development and struc-ture of a maritime continent thunderstorm. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 53, 185–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kepert, J., and R. K. Smith, 1992: A simple model of the Australian west coast trough. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2042–2055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyser, D., M. J. Reeder, and R. J. Reed, 1988: A generalization of Petterssen’s frontogenesis function and its relation to vertical motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 762–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kidson, J. W., and M. R. Sinclair, 1996: The influence of persistent anomalies on Southern Hemisphere storm tracks. J. Climate, 8, 1938–1950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, J. C., 1993: Contrasts between the antarctic stable boundary layer and the midlatitude nocturnal boundary layer. Waves and Turbulence in Stably Stratified Flows, S. D. Mobbs and J. C. King, Eds., Oxford University Press, 105–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. C., S. D. Mobbs, M. S. Darby, and J. M. Rees, 1987: Observations of an internal gravity wave in the lower tropo- sphere at Halley, Antarctica. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 39, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, J. C., J. M. Rees, P. S. Anderson, and A. D. Culf, 1989: The STABLE antarctic boundary layer experiment at Halley Station. Weather, 44, 398–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingwell, J., 1984: Observations of a quasi-circular squall line off north-west Australia. Weather, 39, 343–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kousky, V. E., 1978: Fluctuations in annual rainfall for northeastern Brazil. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 56, 457–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kousky, V. E., 1979: Frontal influences on northeast Brazil. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1140–1153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kousky, V. E., 1980: Diurnal rainfall variations in northeast Brazil. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 488–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kousky, V. E., and M. A. Gan, 1981: Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices in the tropical South Atlantic. Tellus, 33, 538–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, H., J. M. Hacker, and J. Hartmann, 1990: An observational aircraft-based study of sea-breeze frontogenesis. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 53, 223–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., 1977: An unusual case of a deep depression over southern Africa. Weather, 32, 291–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurihara, K., N. Davidson, K. Puri, R. Bowen, and M. Ueno, 1996: Simulation of Tropical Cyclone Connie from the Australian Monsoon Experiment. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 45, 101–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lajoie, F. A., and I. J. Butterworth, 1984: Oscillation of high-level cirrus and heavy precipitation around Australian region tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 535–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazic, L., 1990: Forecasts of AMEX tropical cyclones with a step-mountain model. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 38, 207–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazic, L., 1993a: Eta model forecasts of tropical cyclones from Australian Monsoon Experiment: Dynamical adjustment of initial conditions. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 101–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazic, L., 1993b: Eta model forecasts of tropical cyclones from Australian Monsoon Experiment: Model sensitivity. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 113–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Marshall, J. F., and G. A. Mills, 1995: Tropical Cyclone Bobby—A notable example of the impact of local TOYS data. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 44, 293–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, L. M., 1980: Numerical modeling of the heat low over Australia. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 381–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, L. M., and T. C. L. Skinner, 1994: Real-time forecasting of the Western Australian summertime trough: Evaluations of a new regional model. Wea. Forecasting., 9, 371–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, L. M., G. J. Holland, and A. H. Lynch, 1987: Australian east-coast cyclones. Part II: Numerical modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 3037–3053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, L. M., 1990: The sea-breeze at Darwin: A climatology. Meteor. Mag., 119, 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, G., 1985: Cross-equatorial interactions during tropical cyclo genesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1499–1509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Love, G., and G. Garden, 1984: The Australian monsoon of January 1974. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 185–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, G., and, 1988: A meteorological overview of the pre-AMEX periods over the Australian region. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 36, 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, C., E. J. Zipser, and M. A. LeMone, 1994: Vertical velocity in oceanic convection off tropical Australia. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3183–3193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, A. H., 1987: Australian east-coast cyclones. Part III: Case study of the storm of August 1986. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 35, 163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, S. W., 1991: Origins of convective variability over equato- rial southern Africa during summer. J. Climate, 4, 23–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manasseh, R., and J. H. Middleton, 1995: Boundary-layer oscillations from thunderstorms at Sydney Airport. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1166–1177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manins, P. C., and B. L. Sawford, 1979: Katabatic winds: A field case study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 1011–1025. Manton, M. J., and J. L. McBride, 1992: Recent research on the Australian monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 275–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mapes, B. E., 1993: Gregarious tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2026–2037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mapes, B. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1992: An integrated view of the 1987 Australian monsoon and its mesoscale convective systems. I: Horizontal structure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 927963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mapes, B. E., and, 1993a: An integrated view of the 1987 Australian monsoon and its mesoscale convective systems. Part II: Vertical structures. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 733–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mapes, B. E., and, 1993b: Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1398–1415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mapes, B. E., and, 1995: Diabatic divergence profiles in western Pacific mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1807–1827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mass, C. F., and M. D. Albright, 1987: Coastal southerlies and alongshore surges of the West Coast of North America: Evidence of mesoscale topography trapped response to synoptic forcing. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1707–1738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, P. T., and D. K. Rajopadhyaya, 1996: Wind profiler observations of vertical motion and precipitation microphysics of a tropical squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 623–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, P. T., K. J. Wilson, and B. F. Ryan, 1990: VHF radar studies of cold fronts traversing southern Australia. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 63, 257–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, J. L., and T. D. Keenan, 1982: Climatology of tropical cyclone genesis in the Australian region. J. Climate, 2, 13–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, J. L., and G. J. Holland, 1989: The Australian Monsoon Experi- ment (AMEX): Early results. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 37, 23–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, J. L., and K. L. McInnes, 1993: Australian southerly busters. Part II: The dynamical structure of the orographically modified front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1921–1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, J. L., B. W. Gunn, G. H. Holland, T. D. Keenan, N. E. Davidson, and W. M. Frank, 1989: Time series of total heating and moistening over the Gulf of Carpentaria radiosonde array during AMEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2701–2713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan, H. A., and A. P. Sturman, 1996: Regional and local scale characteristics of foehn wind events over the South Island of New Zealand. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 58, 151–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan, H. A., I. F. Owens, and A. P. Sturman, 1995: Thermal and dynamical characteristics of alpine lake breezes, Lake Tekapo, New Zealand. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 76, 3–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, J. L., and F. Kimura, 1989: Numerical simulation of mesoscale eddies over Melbourne. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 50–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, K. L., 1993: Australian southerly busters. Part III: The physical mechanism and synoptic conditions contributing to development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3261–3281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, K. L., and G. D. Hess, 1992: Modifications to the Australian limited area model and their impact on an east coast low event. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 40, 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, K. L., and J. L. McBride, 1993: Australian southerly busters. Part I: Analysis of a numerically simulated case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1904–1920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, K. L., and L. M. Leslie, 1994: Cold fronts over southeast-ern Australia: Their representation in an operational numerical weather prediction model. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 384–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKendry, I. G., 1989: Numerical simulation of sea breezes over Auckland region, New Zealand—Air quality implications. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 49, 7–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKendry, I. G., and C. G. Revell, 1992: Mesoscale eddy development over South Auckland—A case study. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 134–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKendry, I. G., A. P. Sturman, and I. F. Owen, 1986: A study of interacting multi-scale wind systems, Canterbury Plains, New Zealand. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 35, 242–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKendry, I. G., and, 1987: The Canterbury Plains north-easterly. Wea. Climate, 7, 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKendry, I. G., and, 1988: Numerical simulation of local thermal effects on the wind field of the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Geology Geophys., 31, 511–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menhofer, A., R. K. Smith, M. J. Reeder, and D. R. Christie, 1997a: On the structure of “morning-glory” disturbances and the environment in which they propagate. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1712–1725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menhofer, A., and, 1997b: The bore-like charac-ter of three morning glories observed during the Central Australian Fronts Experiment. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 46, 277–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. L., and D. G. Vincent, 1987: Convective heating and precipitation estimates for tropical South Pacific during FGGE, 10–18 January 1979. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 18921. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D., and J. M. Fritsch, 1991: Mesoscale convective complexes in the western Pacific region. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2978 2992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, G. A., 1989: Dynamics of rapid cloud band development over southeastern Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1402–1422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, G. A., 1991: The impact of increased TOVS data on the numerical forecasts of a case of cyclogenesis. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 39, 223–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, G. A., and S. Zhao, 1991: A study of a monsoon depression bringing record rainfall over Australia. Part I: Numerical predictability experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2053–2073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, G. A., and I. Russell, 1992: The April 1990 floods of eastern Australia: Synoptic description and assessment of regional NWP guidance. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 636–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, G. A., and B.-J. Wu, 1995: The “Cudlee Creek” extratropical cyclone—An example of synoptic scale forcing of a mesoscale event. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 44, 201–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. M., R. P. Cechet, P. J. Turner, and C. C. Elsum, 1990: Observations and interpretation of wave clouds over Macquarie Island. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 741–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, V. A., 1964: A cold front invasion of southern Venezuela. Mon. Wea. Rev., 92, 513–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, A. B., I. J. Butterworth, and K. M. Murphy, 1977: The morning glory. Weather, 32, 176–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, J., 1973: The sea and land breezes in classical Greek literature. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 54, 5–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, R. E., J. W. Kidson, D. G. Vincent, and G. J.Boer, 1972: The General Circulation of the Tropical Atmosphere and Interactions with Extratropical Latitudes Vols. 1 and 2. MIT Press, 628 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, N. A., and A. E. Gill, 1981: Generation of coastal lows by synoptic-scale waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 52 1530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, J. A., and R. K. Smith, 1985: Linear and weakly nonlinear internal wave theories applied to “morning glory” waves. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 33, 123–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, J. A., and, 1986: Sea-breeze circulations over Cape York peninsula and the generation of Gulf of Carpentaria cloud-line disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1679–1693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, J. A., and, 1987: The generation of North Australian cloud lines and the “morning glory.” Aust. Meteor. Mag., 35, 31–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono, H., 1975: Algebraic solitary waves in stratified fluids. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 39, 1082–1091.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ooyama, K., 1982: Conceptual evolution of the theory and modelling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 369–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlanski, I., 1973: Trapeze instability as a source of internal gravity waves. Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1007–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlanski, I., and R. Polinsky, 1977: Spectral distribution of cloud cover over Africa. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 55, 483–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlanski, I., and J. Katzfey, 1991: The life cycle of a cyclone wave in the Southern Hemisphere. Part I: Eddy energy budget. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1972–1998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlanski, I., C. Menendez, and M. Marino, 1991: Simulation of an extratropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere: Model sensitivity. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2293–2311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paegle, J., 1987: Interactions between convective and large-scale motions over Amazonia. The Geophysiology of Amazonia: Vegetation and Climate Interactions, R. Dickerson, Ed., Wiley-Intersciences, 347–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., 1982: Surface winds over East Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 84–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., 1984: A numerical study of strong katabatic winds over Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 545–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., 1988: Surface winds over the Antarctic continent: A re-view. Rev. Geophys., 26, 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., and D. H. Bromwich, 1986: The inversion wind pattern over West Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 849–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., and, 1987: The surface wind field over the antarctic ice sheets. Nature, 328, 51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., and K. T. Waight III, 1987: The forcing of Antarctic katabatic winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2214–2226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., and D. H. Bromwich, 1991: Continental-scale simulation of the antarctic katabatic wind regime. J. Climate, 4, 135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., P. Pettre, and G. Wendler, 1993: The influence of large-scale forcing on the katabatic wind regime at Adelie Land, Antarctica. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 165–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmenter, F. C., 1976: A Southern Hemisphere cold-front passage near the Equator. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 57, 1435–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascoe, R. M., J. H. A. Lopdell, and M. R. Sinclair, 1990: The Canterbury/Kaikoura storm of January 19, 1988. Wea. Climate, 10, 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petterssen, S., 1936: Contributions to the theory of frontogenesis. Geophys. Publ., 11 (6), 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettré, P., and J.-C. André, 1991: Surface-pressure change through Loewe’s phenomena and katabatic flow jumps: Study of two cases in Adélie Land, Antarctica. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 557–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., 1976: A numerical model of the sea-breeze phenom- enon over a lake or gulf. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2107–2135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., 1981: Winter depression tracks and climatological jet streams in the Southern Hemisphere during the FGGE year. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 883–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., 1982: Sea breezes in the Latrobe Valley. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 30, 255–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., 1986: Observations of a solitary wave train in Melbourne, Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 34, 163–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., 1988: Mesoscale modeling of a cold front and its interac-tion with a diurnally heated land mass. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3169–3187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., and R. A. D. Byron-Scott, 1977: Observations of the sea breeze in the vicinity of a gulf. Weather, 32, 373–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., and R. K. Smith, 1985: Observations and dynamics of sea breezes in northern Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 33, 51–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., and N. J. Tapper, 1990: A numerical study of circulations induced by a dry salt lake. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1029–1042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., and D. J. Abbs, 1991: Modeling of summertime flow and dispersion in the coastal terrain of southeastern Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1014–1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., and, 1992: Flow and plume dispersion in a coastal valley. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 64–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Physick, W. L., W. K. Downey, A. J. Troup, B. F. Ryan, and P. J. Meighen, 1985: Mesoscale observations of a prefrontal squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1958–1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, K. E., A. M. Thompson, J. R. Scala, W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson, and M. Garstang, 1991: Photochemical ozone production in tropical squall line convection during NASA/GTE/ ABLE 2A. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3099–3114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, K. E., R. R. Dickerson, and J. Simpson, 1992: Free tropospheric ozone production following entrainment of urban plumes into deep convection. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17 985–18 000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickersgill, A. O., 1984: Martian bore waves of the Tharsis region: A comparison with Australian atmospheric waves of elevation. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1461–1473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, R. O., and T. J. Lyons, 1987: The influence of topography on Perth radiosonde observations. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 35, 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, R. O., and, 1989: Airflow over a two-dimensional escarpment. I: Observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 965–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, R. O., and, 1990: Airflow over a two-dimensional escarp-ment. II: Hydrostatic flow. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 363–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston-Whyte, R. A., and P. D. Tyson, 1973: Note on pressure oscillations over South Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 650–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Râcz, Z. S., and R. K. Smith, 1998: The dynamics of heat lows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramage, C. S., 1968: Role of a tropical “maritime continent” in the atmospheric circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 365–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, V. B., and M. A. Gan, 1996: Comments on “Climatology of cyclogenesis for the Southern Hemisphere.” Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2614–2615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, D., 1994: Cumulus convection and the Madden-Julian oscillation of the tropical troposphere. Physica D, 77, 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ready, S., and F. Woodcock, 1992: The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1989–1990. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 40, 111–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, C. J. C., 1994: Orographically trapped disturbances in the lower atmosphere: Scale analysis and simple models. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 53, 131–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reason, C. J. C., and M. R. Jury, 1990: On the generation and propagation of the Southern African coastal low. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 1133–1151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reason, C. J. C., and D. G. Steyn, 1990: Coastally trapped disturbances in the lower atmosphere: Dynamic commonalities and geographic diversity. Prog. Phys. Geog., 14, 178–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reason, C. J. C., and, 1992: The dynamics of coastally trapped mesoscale ridges in the lower atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 18, 1677–1692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, R. J., 1990: Advances in understanding of extratropical cyclones during the past quarter century. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 27–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., 1986: The interaction of a surface cold front with a pre-frontal thermodynamically well-mixed boundary layer. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 34, 137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., and R. K. Smith, 1986: A comparison between frontogen esis in the two-dimensional Eady model of baroclinic instability and summertime cold fronts in the Australian region. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 293–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., and, 1987: A study of frontal dynamics with application to the Australian summertime “cool change.” J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 687–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., and, 1988a: On air motion trajectories in cold fronts. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 4005–4007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., and, 1988b: On the horizontal resolution of fronts in numerical weather prediction models. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 36, 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., and, 1992: Australian spring and summer cold fronts. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 41, 101–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., D. Keyser, and B. D. Schmidt, 1991: Three-dimensional baroclinic instability and summertime frontogenesis in the Australian region. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, M. J., D. R. Christie, R. K. Smith, and R. Grimshaw, 1995: Interacting morning glories over northern Australia. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 1165–1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, J. M., 1987: The propagation of internal gravity waves in the stably stratified boundary layer. Ann. Geophys., 5B, 421–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, J. M., and S. D. Mobbs, 1988: Studies of internal gravity waves at Halley Base, Antarctica, using wind observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 939–966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, J. M., I. McConnell, P. S. Anderson, and J. C. King, 1994: Observations of internal gravity waves over an antarctic ice shelf using a microbarograph array. Stably Stratified Flows: Flow and Dispersion over Topography, I. P. Castro and N. J. Rockcliff, Eds., Oxford University Press, 61–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. G., 1957: Evening wind surges in south Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 16, 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revell, C. G., 1982: High resolution satellite imagery of the New Zealand area: A view of lee waves. Wea. Climate, 2, 23–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revell, C. G., 1983: High resolution satellite imagery of the New Zealand area: A view of mesoscale cloud vortices. Wea. Climate, 3, 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revell, C. G., and S. W. Goulter, 1986: South Pacific tropical cyclones and the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1138–1145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Revell, M. J., 1997: Reply to comments on “The origin and evolution of low-level potential vorticity anomalies during a case of Tasman Sea cyclogenesis.” Tellus, 49A, 404–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Revell, M. J., and R. N. Ridley, 1995: The origin and evolution of low-level potential vorticity anomalies during a case of Tasman Sea cyclogenesis. Tellus, 47A, 779–796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, R. N., 1990: Southerly buster events in New Zealand. Wea. Climate, 10, 35–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, F. R., D. G. Vincent, and D. M. Kann, 1989: The role of diabatic heating in maintaining the upper-tropospheric baroclinic zone in the South Pacific. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 1253–1271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robin, A. G., 1978: Roll cloud over Spencer Gulf. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 26, 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, A. M., and R. M. Samelson, 1995: Synoptic forcing of coastal-trapped disturbances in the marine atmosphere boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2025–2040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rottman, J. W., and J. E. Simpson, 1989: The formation of internal bores in the atmosphere: A laboratory model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 941–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotunno, R., 1976: Trapeze instability modified by a mean shear flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1663–1667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, S. A., E. R. Williams, and T. D. Keenan, 1992: The Down Under Doppler and Electricity Experiment (DUNDEE): Overview and preliminary results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., 1982: A perspective of research into cold fronts and associated mesoscale phenomena into the 1980s. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 30, 123–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., 1983: The Cold Fronts Research Programme: Working together to study the “summertime cool change.” Weatherwise, 36, 113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., and J. Medows, 1979: A relative-flow isentropic analysis of a cut-off low. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 27, 43–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., and K. J. Wilson, 1985: The Australian summertime cool change. Part III: Subsynoptic and mesoscale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 224–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., J. R. Garratt, and R. K. Smith, 1985: Cold Fronts Research Programme: Progress, future plans, and research directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1116–1122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., J. R. Garratt, and W. L. Physick, 1988: The prognosis of weather change lines over the ocean: The role of reconnaissance aircraft. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 36, 69–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., K. F. Wilson, and E. J. Zipser, 1989: Modification of the thermodynamic structure of the lower troposphere by the evaporation of precipitation ahead of a cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 138–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., G. J. Tripoli, and W. R. Cotton, 1990: Convection in high stratiform cloud bands: Some numerical experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 943–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, B. F., G. M. Barnes, and E. J. Zipser, 1992: A wide rainband in a developing tropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 431–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satyamurty, P., and L. F. De Mattos, 1989: Climatological lower tropospheric frontogenesis in the midlatitudes due to horizontal deformation and divergence. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1355–1364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satyamurty, P., R. P. Santos, and M. A. M. Lemes, 1980: On the stationary trough generated by the Andes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 510–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satyamurty, P., C. C. Ferreira, and M. A. Gan, 1990: Cyclonic vortices over South America. Tellus, 42, 194–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scala, J. R., and Coauthors, 1990: Cloud draft structure and trace gas transport. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 17 015–17 030.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sha, W., W. Grace, and W. Physick, 1996: A numerical experiment on the Adelaide gully wind of South Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 45, 19–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva Dias, M. A. F., and R. N. Ferreira, 1992: Application of a linear spectral model to the study of Amazonian squall lines during GTE/ABLE 2B. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20 405–20 419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva Dias, P. L., W. H. Schubert, and M. DeMaria, 1983: Large scale response of the tropical atmosphere to transient convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2689–2707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva Dias, J. P. Bonatti, and V. Kousky, 1987: Diurnally forced tropical tropospheric circulation over South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1465–1478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J. E., 1982: Gravity currents in the laboratory, atmosphere and ocean. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 14, 213–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, T. D. Keenan, B. Ferrier, R. H. Simpson, and G. J. Holland, 1993: Cumulus mergers in the maritime continent region. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 51, 73–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, M. R., 1993a: Synoptic-scale diagnosis of the extratropical transition of a southwest Pacific tropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 941–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, 1993b: A diagnostic study of extratropical precipitation resulting from Tropical Cyclone Bola. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2690–2707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, 1994: An objective cyclone climatology for the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2239–2256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, 1995a: A climatology of cyclogenesis for the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1601–1619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, 1995b: An extended climatology of extratropical cyclones over the Southern Hemisphere. Wea. Climate, 15, 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, 1996a: A climatology of anticyclones and blocking for the Southern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, 1996b: Reply to comments on “Climatology of cyclogenesis for the Southern Hemisphere.” Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2615–2618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, and X. Cong, 1992: Polar airstream cyclogenesis in the Australian region: A composite study using ECMWF analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1950–1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, T., and L. M. Leslie, 1982: Predictability experiments with the Australian west coast trough. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 30, 241–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, T., and N. J. Tapper, 1994: Preliminary sea-breeze studies over Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Australia, as part of the Island Thunderstorm Experiment (ITEX). Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 53, 77–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. V., 1985: Studies of the effects of cold fronts during the rainy season in Zimbabwe. Weather, 40, 198–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., 1986: Evening glory wave-cloud lines in northwestern Australia. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 34, 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., 1988: Travelling waves and bores in the lower atmosphere: The “morning glory” and related phenomena. Earth-Sci. Rev., 25, 267–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., and B. R. Morton, 1984: An observational study of north-easterly “morning glory” wind surges. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 155–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., and M. A. Page, 1985: Morning glory wind surges and the Gulf of Carpentaria cloud line of 25–26 October 1984. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 33, 185–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., and M. J. Reeder, 1988: On movement and low-level structure of cold fronts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1927–1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., and R. Ridley, 1990: Subtropical continental cold fronts. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 38, 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., and J. A. Noonan, 1998: On the generation of low-level mesoscale convergence lines over northeastern Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 167–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., B. F. Ryan, A. J. Troup, and K. J. Wilson, 1982a: Cold fronts research: The Australian summertime “cool change.” Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 63, 1028–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., N. A. Crook, and G. Roff, 1982b: The morning glory: An extraordinary undular bore. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 937–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., M. J. Coughlan, and J. L. Lopez, 1986: Southerly nocturnal wind surges and bores in northeastern Australia. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1501–1518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., R. N. Ridley, M. A. Page, J. T. Steiner, and A. P. Sturman, 1991: Southerly changes on the east coast of New Zealand. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1259–1282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. K., M. J. Reeder, N. J. Tapper, and D. R. Christie, 1995: Central Australian cold fronts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 16–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C., and R. S. Lindzen, 1991: Quasigeostrophic wave—CISK in an unbounded baroclinic shear. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 76–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Streten, N. A., and A. J. Troup, 1973: A synoptic climatology of satellite observed cloud vortices over the Southern Hemisphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 56–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, A. P., 1980: A case study of lee waves in south-westerly airflow over Bank’s Peninsula, New Zealand. Weather, 35, 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, A. P., 1992: Dynamic and thermal effects on surface airflow associated with southerly changes over the South Island, New Zealand. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 47, 229–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, A. P., and D. P. Tyson, 1981: Sea breezes along the Canterbury coast in the vicinity of Christchurch, New Zealand. J. Climatol., 1, 203–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, A. P., A. Trewinnard, and P. Gorman, 1984: A study of the atmospheric circulation over the South Island of New Zealand. Wea. Climate, 4, 53–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, A. P., S. J. Fitzsimons, and L. M. Holland, 1985: Local winds in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. J. Climatology, 5, 145–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, A. P., R. K. Smith, M. A. Page, R. N. Ridley, and J. T. Steiner, 1990: Mesoscale surface wind changes associated with the passage of cold fronts along the eastern side of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 42, 133–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, W.-Y., and I. Orlanski, 1981a: Large mesoscale convection and sea-breeze circulation. Part I: Linear stability analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1675–1693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, W.-Y., and, 1981b: Large mesoscale convection and sea-breeze circulation. Part II: Nonlinear numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1694–1706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taljaard, J. J., 1967: Development, distribution, and movement of cyclones and anticyclones in the Southern Hemisphere during the IGY. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 973–987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taljaard, J. J., 1972: Synoptic meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere, Meteor. Monogr., No. 35, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 139–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, N. J., 1988a: Some evidence for a mesoscale thermal circulation at The Salt Lake, New South Wales. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 36, 101–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, N. J., 1988b: Surface energy balance studies in Australia’s sea-sonally wet tropics: Results from AMEX Phase I and H. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 36, 61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, N. J., 1991: Evidence for a mesoscale thermal circulation over dry salt lakes. Palaeogeog., Paleoclimatol., Paleaoceol., 84, 259–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, G. H., and A. A. Neale, 1981: The Nelson sea breeze in south-westerly airstreams. Wea. Climate, 1, 61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrence, J. D., 1995: Some aspects of the South African coastal low and its rouge waves. Weather, 50, 163–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth, K. E., 1991: Storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2159–2178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Troup, A. J., and N. A. Streten, 1972: Satellite observed Southern Hemisphere cloud vortices in relation to conventional observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 909–917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J., and M. Row, 1989: Mesoscale vortices in the British Antarctic territory. Polar and Arctic Lows, P. F. Twitchell, E. A. Rasmussen, and K. L. Davidson, Eds., A. Deepak Publishing, 347–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J., T. A. Lachlan-Cope, D. E. Warren, and C. N. Duncan, 1993a: A mesoscale vortex over Halley station, Antarctica. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1317–1336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J., and J. P. Thomas, 1993b: A comparison of arctic and antarctic mesoscale vortices. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 13 0 1913 034.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uccellini, L. W., 1990: Processes contributing to the rapid development of extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 27–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Loon, H., 1965: A climatological study of the atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere during the IGY. Part I: 1 July 1957–31 March 1958. J. Appl. Meteor., 4, 479–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velasco, I., and J. M. Fritsch, 1987: Mesoscale convective com- plexes in the Americas. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9591–9613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veldon, C. S., and G. A. Mills, 1990: Diagnostics of upper-level processes influencing an unusually intense extratropical cyclone over southeast Australia. Wea. Forecasting, 5, 449482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, D. G., 1985: Cyclone development in the South Pacific convergence zone during FGGE, 10–17 January 1979. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 155–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Virji, H., 1981: A preliminary study of summertime tropospheric circulation patterns over South America estimated from cloud winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 599–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. M., 1987: Comments on “Interactions between convective and large-scale motions over Amazonia.” The Geophysiol-ogy of Amazonia: Vegetation and Climate Interactions, R. Dickerson, Ed., Wiley-Intersciences, 387–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, I. D., 1984: Density change in an Australian west coast trough. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 32, 123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, P. J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1991: The Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment (EMEX): An overview. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1481–1505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K. J., and H. Stern, 1985: The Australian summertime cool change. Part I: Synoptic and subsynoptic scale aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 177–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, I. R., and J. E. Simpson, 1984: Jumps in miscible fluids. J. Fluid Mech., 140, 329–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, S., and G. A. Mills, 1991: A study of a monsoon depression bringing record rainfall over Australia. Part II: Synoptic—diagnostic description. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2047–2094.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zil1man, J. W., and P. G. Price, 1972: On the thermal structure of mature Southern Ocean cyclones. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 20, 34–48.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Dynamical Meteorology and Oceanography, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

    Michael J. Reeder

  2. Meteorological Institute, University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Roger K. Smith

Authors
  1. Michael J. Reeder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roger K. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Meteorology CRC, Monach University, 3168, Clayton, Vic, Australia

    David J. Karoly

  2. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 1397 Civil Engineering Building, 47907-1397, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Dayton G. Vincent

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 American Meteorological Society

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reeder, M.J., Smith, R.K. (1998). Mesoscale Meteorology. In: Karoly, D.J., Vincent, D.G. (eds) Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. Meteorological Monographs. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-10-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-10-2_8

  • Publisher Name: American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-935704-10-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation