Abstract
Mucor racemosus is a member of the order Mucorales of the Zygomyceta. Although Mucor exhibits multiple morphologies, interest has focused on vegetative yeast-hyphal dimorphism. Part of the interest in Mucor dimorphism concerns their potential as etiological agents of disease. In healthy humans, Mucor rarely causes disease, but in the host compromised by immune deficiency, immune suppression, or a serious underlying disease, the incidence of Mucor infections is much higher. Although the yeast form of Mucor has been observed in human and animal tissue, invariably it is the hyphal form that is associated with disease and pathology (Rippon, 1982). Thus, there may be a very practical reason for understanding the process of dimorphism among Mucor, since from such knowledge may emerge improved chemotherapeutic procedures, not only for infections involving Mucor, but also for infections involving the other pathogenic dimorphic fungi. In addition to the clinical implication of Mucor dimorphism, in the past several years there has been growing interest in Mucor as a model system to investigate fundamental questions of the molecular biology of cellular morphogenesis. In particular, these studies have focused on differential gene expression during Mucor development and on the mechanisms that may serve to regulate such expression.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bailey, E., Stripe, F., and Taylor, C. B., 1968, Regulation of rat liver pyruvate kinase, J. Biochem. 108:427–436.
Bartnicki-Garcia, S., and Nickerson, W. J., 1962, Induction of yeast-like development in Mucor by carbon dioxide, J. Bacteriol. 84:829–840.
Borgia, P. I., and Mehnert, D. W., 1982, Purification of a soluble and wall-bound form of β-glucosidase from Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol 149:515–522.
Borgia, P., and Sypherd, P. S., 1977, Control of β-glucosidase synthesis in Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 130:812–817.
Cardenas, J. M., Dyson, R. D., and Strandholm, J. J., 1973, Bovine pyruvate kinase: Purification and characterization of the skeletal muscle enzyme, J. Biol Chem. 248:6931–6937.
Cihlar, R. L., and Sypherd, P. S., 1980, The organization of the ribosomal RNA genes in the fungus Mucor racemosus, Nucleic Acids Res. 8:793–804.
Cihlar, R. L., and Sypherd, P. S., 1982, Complementation of the leuB6 mutation of Escherichia coli by cloned DNA from Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 151:521–523.
Clarke-Walker, G. D., 1973, Relationship between dimorphology and respiration in Mucor genevensis studies with chloramphenicol, J. Bacteriol. 116:972–980.
Costa, L., Jimenez de Asna, L., Rozengurt, E., Bade, E. G., and Carminatti, H., 1972, Allosteric properties of the isozymes of pyruvate kinase from rat kidney cortex, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 289:128–136.
Davidson, E. H., and Britten, R. J., 1979, Regulation of gene expression: Possible role of repetitive sequences, Science 204:1052–1059.
Davis, R. H., 1967, Channeling in Neuwspora metabolism, in: Organizational Biosynthesis (J. O. Lampen and V. Bryson, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 305–310.
Dewar, R., Katayama, C., Sypherd, P. S., and Cihlar, R. L., 1985, Dispersed repetitive DNA sequence of Mucor, J. Bacteriol. 162 (in press).
Eberhardt, B. M., and Beck, R. S., 1973, Induction of β-glucosidases in Neuwspora crassa, J. Bacteriol. 116:295–303.
Elmer, G. W., and Nickerson, W. J., 1970, Nutritional requirements for growth and yeastlike development of Mucor rouxii under carbon dioxide, J. Bacteriol. 101:595–602.
Fonzi, W. A., Katayama, C., Leathers, T., and Sypherd, P. S., 1985, Regulation of protein synthesis factor EF-lα in Mucor racemosus, Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1100–1103.
Frankel, J., 1970, An analysis of the recovery of Tetrahymena from the effects of cycloheximide, J. Cell. Physiol. 76:55–63.
Garcia, J. R., Hiatt, W. R., Peters, J. and Sypherd, P. S., 1980, S-Adenosylmethionine levels and protein methylation during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 142:196–201.
Garcia, J. R., and Sypherd, P. S., 1984, S-Adenosyl methionine and morphogenesis in Mucor racemosus, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 10:111–116.
Gordon, P. A., Stewart, P. R., and Clarke-Walker, G. D., 1971, Fatty acid and sterol composition of Mucor genevensis in relation to dimorphism and anaerobic growth, J. Bacteriol. 107:114–129.
Gorman, J. A., 1977, Adaptation to trichodermin and anisomycin in Physarum polycephalum, J. Cell. Physiol. 92:447–456.
Hiatt, W. R., Inderlied, C. B., and Sypherd, P. S., 1980, Differential synthesis polypeptides during morphogenesis of Mucor, J. Bacteriol. 141:1350–1359.
Hiatt, W. R., GarcĂa, R., Merrick, W. C., and Sypherd, P. S., 1982, Methylation of elongation factor lα from the fungus Mucor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:3433–3437.
Inderlied, C. B., and Sypherd, P. S., 1978, Glucose metabolism and dimorphism in Mucor, J. Bacteriol. 133:1282–1286.
Inderlied, C. B., Cihlar, R. L., and Sypherd, P. S., 1980, Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 141:699–706.
Ito, E. T., Cihlar, R. L., and Inderlied, C. B., 1982, Lipid synthesis during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 152:880–887.
Khan, N. A., and Eaton, N. R., 1971, Genetic control of maltase formation in yeast I. Strains producing high and low basal levels of enzyme, Mol. Gen. Genet. 112:317–322.
Larsen, A. D., and Sypherd, P. S., 1974, Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate and morphogenesis in Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 117:432–438.
Larsen, A. D., and Sypherd, P. S., 1979, Ribosomal proteins of the dimorphic fungus, Mucor racemosus, Mol. Gen. Genet. 175:99–109.
Larsen, A. D., and Sypherd, P. S., 1980, Physiological control of phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 141:20–25.
Maniatis, T., Jeffrey, A., and Kleid, D. G., 1975, Nucleotide sequence of the rightward operator of phage X, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:1184–1188.
Mooney, D. T., and Sypherd, P. S., 1976, Volatile factor involved in the dimorphism of Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 126:1266–1270.
Moreno, S., Paveto, C., and Passeron, S., 1977, Multiple protein kinase activities in the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii: Comparison with a cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate binding protein, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 180:225–231.
Nickerson, J. W., Dunkle, L. D., and Van Etten, J. L., 1977, Absence of spermine in filamentous fungi, J. Bacteriol. 129:173–176.
Novick, P., and Schekman, R., 1979, Secretion and cell-surface growth are blocked in a temperature sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:1858–1862.
Orlowski, M., 1980, Cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate and germination of sporan-giospores from the fungus Mucor, Arch. Microbiol. 126:133–140.
Orlowski, M., 1981, Growth-rate-dependent adjustment of ribosome function in the fungus Mucor racemosus, J. Biochem. 196:403–410.
Orlowski, M., and Ross, J. F., 1981, Relationship of internal cyclic AMP levels, rates of protein and synthesis and Mucor dimorphism, Arch. Microbiol. 129:353–356.
Orlowski, M., and Sypherd, P. S., 1977, Protein synthesis during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 132:209–218.
Orlowski, M., and Sypherd, P. S., 1978a, A location of protein synthesis during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 133:399–400.
Orlowski, M., and Sypherd, P. S., 1978b, Regulation of translation rate during morphogenesis in the fungus Mucor, Biochemistry 17:569–575.
Paveto, C., Epstein, A., and Passeron, S., 1975, Studies on cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate levels, adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities in the dimorphic fungus, Mucor rouxii, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 169:449–457.
Paznokas, J. L., and Sypherd, P. S., 1975, Respiratory capacity, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, and morphogenesis of Mucor racemousus, J. Bacteriol. 124:134–139.
Paznokas, J. L., and Sypherd, P. S., 1977, Pyruvate kinase isozymes of Mucor racemosus: Control of synthesis by glucose, J. Bacteriol. 130:661–666.
Paznokas, J. L., Tripp, M. L., and Wertman, K. F., 1982, Mutants of Mucor racemosus insensitive to dibutyryl cAMP-mediated changes in cellular morphology, Exp. Mycol. 6:185–189.
Peters, J., and Sypherd, P. S., 1978, Enrichment of mutants of Mucor racemosus by differential freeze-killing, J. Gen. Microbiol. 105:77–81.
Peters, J., and Sypherd, P. S., 1979, Morphology associated expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 137:1134–1139.
Reyes, E., and Ruiz-Herrera, J., 1972, Mechanism of maltose utilization of Mucor rouxii, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 273:328–335.
Rippon, J. W., 1982, Medical Mycology, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Roberts, C. T., and Orias, E., 1974, On the mechanism of adaptation to protein synthesis inhibitors by Tetrahymena, J. Cell Biol. 62:707–716.
Rogers, P. J., Clarke-Walker, G. D., and Stewart, P. R., 1974, Effects of oxygen and glucose on energy metabolism and dimorphism of Mucor genevensis growth in continuous culture: Reversibility of yeast-mycelium conversion, J. Bacteriol. 119:282–293.
Ross, J. F., and Orlowski, M., 1982a, Growth-rate dependent adjustment of ribosome function in chemostat grown cells of the fungus Mucor racemosus, J. Bacteriol. 149:650–653.
Ross, J. F., and Orlowski, M., 1982b, Regulation of ribosome function in the fungus Mucor: Growth rate vis-à -vis dimorphism, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 13:325–328.
Russell P. J., and Wilkerson, W. M., 1980, The structure and biosynthesis of fungal cytoplasmic ribosomes, Exp. Mycol. 4:281–337.
Safe, S., and Caldwell, J., 1975, The effect of growth environment on the chloroform-methanol and alkali extractable cell wall and cytoplasm lipid levels of Mucor rouxii, Can. J. Microbiol. 21:79–84.
Sorrentino, A. P., Zorzopulos, J., and Terenzi, H. F., 1977, Inducible α-glucosidase of Mucor rouxii: Effects of dimorphism on the development of the wall bound activity, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 180:232–238.
Storck, R., and Morrill, R. C., 1971, Respiratory deficient, yeast-like mutant of Mucor, Biochem. Gen. 5:467–479.
Storck, R., and Morrill, R. C., 1977, Nuclei, nucleic acids and protein in sporangiospores of Mucor bacilliformis and other Mucor species, Mycologia 69:1031–1041.
Sypherd, P. S., Orlowski, M., and Peters, J., 1979, Models of fungal dimorphism: Control of dimorphism in Mucor racemosus, in: Microbiology— 1979 (D. Schlessunger, ed.), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., pp. 224–227.
Tabor, C. W., and Tabor, H., 1976, 1,4-Diaminobutane (putrescine), spermidine and spermine, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:285–306.
Weisback, H., and Ochoa, S., 1976, Soluble factors required for eukaryotic protein synthesis, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:191–216.
Zorzopulos, J., Jobbagy, A. J., and Terenzi, H. F., 1973, The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetate and chloramphenicol on mitochondrial activity and morphogenesis in Mucor rouxii, J. Bacteriol. 115:1198–1204.
Zuker, C., and Lodish, H. F., 1981, Repetitive DNA sequences cotranscribed with developmentally regulated Dictyostelium discoideum mRNAs, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:5386–5390.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Inderlied, C.B., Peters, J., Cihlar, R.L. (1985). Mucor racemosus. In: Szaniszlo, P.J., Harris, J.L. (eds) Fungal Dimorphism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4982-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4982-2_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4984-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4982-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive