Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phylogenetic Studies of Extant Pteridophytes

  • Chapter
Molecular Systematics of Plants II

Abstract

Pteridophytes represent the most poorly understood group of vascular plants from a phylogenetic perspective (Stewart and Rothwell, 1993). The group is probably polyphyletic and includes four extant divisions (following Cronquist et al., 1966): Polypodiophyta (ferns), Psilotophyta (Psilotaceae, or whisk ferns), Lycopodiophyta (lycopods), and Equisetophyta (horsetails). Estimating phylogenetic relationships among these groups, and their relationship to seed plants and to many extinct groups of land plants, remains one of the greatest challenges in plant systematics. In this chapter we review some of the literature bearing on relationships among pteridophytes, focusing on studies of ferns. We also present an exploratory analysis, using nucleotide sequences from three genes and data from 77 morphological characters, to examine the feasibility of a combined approach to inferring pteridophyte phylogeny. We then discuss the problems associated with resolving ancient divergence events and with analyzing large and diverse data sets. We conclude with what we believe to be the most fertile directions for future research on pteridophyte phylogeny.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature Cited

  • Arnott, H. J. 1959. Anastomoses in the venation of Ginkgo biloba. American Journal of Botany 46:405–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avise, J. C., W. S. Nelson, and H. Sugita. 1994. A speciational history of “living fossils”: molecular evolutionary patterns in horseshoe crabs. Evolution 48:1986–2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, B. G. 1993. Molecular phylogenetics of Calycadenia (Compositae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: chromosomal and morphological evolution reexamined. American Journal of Botany 80:222–238.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banks, H. P. 1975. Reclassification of Psilophyta. Taxon 24:401–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, M, M. J. Donoghue, and E. Sober. 1991. Against consensus. Systematic Zoology 40:486–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierhorst, D. W. 1968. On the Stromatopteridaceae (fam. nov.) and on the Psilotaceae. Phytomorphology 18:232–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierhorst, D. W. 1971. Morphology of Vascular Plants. Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierhorst, D. W. 1977. The systematic position of Psilotum and Tmesipteris. Brittonia 29:3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boivin, M. R. R., D. Beauseigle, J. Bousquet, and G. Bellemare. 1996. Phylogenetic inferences from chloroplast chlB gene sequences of Nephrolepsis exalta (Filicopsida), Ephedra altissima (Gnetopsida) and diverse land plants. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6:19–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bremer, K., C. J. Humphries, B. D. Mishler, and S. P. Churchill. 1987. On cladistic relationships of green plants. Taxon 36:339–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, D. R., and D. A. McLennan. 1991. Phylogeny, Ecology, and behavior. A Research Program in Comparative Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, J. J., J. P. Huelsenbeck, C. W. Cunningham, D. L. Swofford, and P. J. Waddell. 1993. Partitioning and combining data in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42:384–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ching, R. C. 1940. On natural classification of the family “Polypodiaceae”. Sunyatsenia 5:201–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conant, D. S., L. A. Raubeson, D. K. Attwood, and D. B. Stein. 1995. The relationships of Papuasian Cyatheaceae to New World tree ferns. American Fern Journal 85:328–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crabbe, J. A., A. C. Jermy, and J. T. Mickel. 1975. A new generic sequence for the pteridophyte herbarium. Fern Gazette 11:141–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, E. H., D. R. Farrar, and J. F. Wendel. 1995. Phylogeny of the Vittariaceae: convergent simplification leads to a polyphyletic Vittaria. American Fern Journal 85:283–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, P. 1990. The phylogenetic context of microsporogenesis. In Microspores: Evolution and Ontogeny, eds. S. Blackmore and R. B. Knox, pp. 11–41. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronquist, A., A. L. Takhtajan, and W. Zimmerman. 1966. On the higher taxa of Embryobionta. Taxon 15:129–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Queiroz, A. 1993. For consensus (sometimes). Systematic Biology 42:368–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Queiroz, A., M. J. Donoghue, and J. Kim. 1995. Separate versus combined analysis of phylogenetic evidence. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26:657–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiMichele, W. A., and J. E. Skog. 1992. The Lycopsida: a symposium. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79:447–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M. J., J. A. Doyle, J. Gauthier, A. G. Kluge, and T. Rowe. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Annual Review of Systematics and Ecology 20:431–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downie, S. R., and J. D. Palmer. 1992. The use of chloroplast DNA rearrangements in reconstructing plant phylogeny. In Molecular Systematics of Plants, eds. P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle, pp. 14–35. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. A., and M. J. Donoghue. 1992. Fossils and seed plant phylogeny reanalyzed. Brittonia 44:89–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. A., M. J. Donoghue, and E. A. Zimmer. 1994. Integration of morphological and ribosomal RNA data on the origin of angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:419–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J. 1992. Gene trees and species trees: molecular systematics as one-character taxonomy. Systematic Botany 17:144–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eames, A. J. 1936. Morphology of the Vascular Plants: Lower Groups. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein, J. 1978. Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading. Systematic Zoology 27:401–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, A. S., and E. M. Gifford, Jr. 1974. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fryns-Claussens, E., and W. R. J. Van Cotthem. 1973. A new classification of ontogenetic types of stomata. Botanical Review 39:71–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbary, D. J., K. S. Renzaglia, and J. G. Duckett. 1993. The phylogeny of land plants—a cladistic analysis based on male gametogenesis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 188:237–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gastony, G. J., and D. R. Rollo. 1995. Phylogeny and generic circumscriptions of cheilanthoid ferns (Pteridaceae: Cheilanthoideae) inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 85:341–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gastony, G. J., and M. C. Ungerer. 1997. Molecular systematics and a revised taxonomy of the onocleoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae: Onocleeae). American Journal of Botany 84:840–849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gastony, G. J., G. Yatskievych, and C. K. Dixon. 1992. Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in the fern genus Pellaea: phylogenetic relationships of the Pellaea glabella complex. American Journal of Botany 79:1072–1080.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gewirtz, M., and A. Fahn. 1960. The anatomy of the sporophyte and gametophyte of Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. Phytomorphology 10:342–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, R. K., and E. A. Zimmer. 1988. Ribosomal RNA sequences for inferring phylogeny within the grass family (Poaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 160:29–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasebe, M., and K. Iwatsuki. 1990a. Adiantum capillusveneris chloroplast DNA clone bank: as useful heterologous probes in the systematics of the leptosporangiate ferns. American Fern Journal 80:20–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasebe, M., and K. Iwatsuki. 1990b. Chloroplast DNA from Adiantum capillus-veneris L., a fern species (Adiantaceae); clone bank, physical map and unusual gene localization in comparison with angiosperm chloroplast DNA. Current Genetics 17:359–364.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasebe, M., M. Ito, R. Kofuji, K. Ueda, and K. Iwatsuki. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of ferns deduced from rbcL gene sequence. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37:476–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasebe, M., T. Omori, M. Nakazawa, T. Sano, M. Kato, and K. Iwatsuki. 1994. rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 91:5730–5734.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasebe, M., P. G. Wolf, K. M. Pryer, K. Ueda, M. Ito, R. Sano, G. J. Gastony, J. Yokoyama, J. R. Manhart, N. Murakami, E. H. Crane, C. H. Haufler, and W. D. Hauk. 1995. Fern phylogeny based on rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 85:134–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haufler, C. H., and T. A. Ranker. 1995. rbcL sequences provide phylogenetic insights among sister species of the fern genus Polypodium. American Fern Journal 85:361–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haufler, C. H., D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis. 1995. Phylogeny of the Polypodium vulgare complex: insights from chloroplast DNA restriction site data. Systematic Botany 20:110–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauk, W. D. 1995. A molecular assessment of relationships among cryptic species of Botrychium subgenus Boirychium (Ophioglossaceae). American Fern Journal 85:375–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendy, M. D., and D. Penny. 1989. A framework for the quantitative study of evolutionary trees. Systematic Zoology 38:297–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiesel, R., A. von Haeseler, and A. Brennicke. 1994. Plant mitochondrial nucleic acid sequences as a tool for phylogenetic analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 91:634–638.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, D. M. 1987. Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:23–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, D. M. 1996. Inferring complex phylogenies. Nature 383:130–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holttum, R. E. 1973. Posing the problems. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Ferns, eds. A. C. Jermy, J. A. Crabbe, and B. A. Thomas, pp. 1–10. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoot, S. B. 1995. Phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae based on preliminary atpB, rbcL and 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 9:241–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoot, S. B., and P. R. Crane. 1995. Inter-familial relationships in the Ranunculidae based on molecular systematics. Plant Systematics and Evolution (suppl.) 9:119–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huelsenbeck, J. P. 1994. Comparing the stratigraphic record to estimates of phylogeny. Paleobiology 20:470–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huelsenbeck, J. P., J. J. Bull, and C. W. Cunningham. 1996. Combining data in phylogenetic analysis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:152–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett, F. M. 1980. Studies in the classification of the leptosporangiate ferns: I. The affinities of the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto and the Grammitidaceae. Kew Bulletin 34:825–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, E. C. 1902. The structure and development of the stem in pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 195:119–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D. R. 1977. Morphological status of the shoot systems of Psilotaceae. Brittonia 29:30–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M. 1983. The classification of the major groups of pteridophytes. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Sect. III 13:263–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, P. 1994. Alternation of generations in land plants: new phylogenetic and palaeobotanical evidence. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 69:293–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, P., and P. R. Crane. 1991. Water-conducting cells in early fossil plants: implications for the evolution of early tracheophytes. Botanical Gazette 152:335–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, P., and P. R. Crane. 1997. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, P., and E. M. Friis. 1995. Paleobotany of land plants. In Progress in Botany, Vol. 56, eds. H. D. Behnke, U. Luttge, K. Esser, J. W. Kadereit, and M. Runge, pp. 372–395. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K., R. K. Jansen, R. S. Wallace, H. J. Michaels, and J. D. Palmer. 1992. Phylogenetic implications of rbcL sequence variation in the Asteraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79:428–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluge, A. G. 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology 38:7–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolukisaoglu, H. Ü., S. Marx, C. Wiegmann, S. Hanelt, and H. A. W. Schneider-Poetsch. 1995. Divergence of the phytochrome gene family predates angiosperm evolution and suggests that Selaginella and Equisetum arose prior to Psilotum. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41:329–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, K. U. 1991. Systematics of the pteridophytes. In Progress in Botany, Vol. 52, eds. H. D. Behnke, K. Esser, K. Kubitzki, M. Runge, and H. Ziegles, pp. 342–358. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, K. U., and P. S. Green, eds. 1990. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. In The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 1 (series ed. K. Kubitzki). SpringerVerlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, H. D., and V. A. R. Huss. 1996. Molecular evolution of pteridophytes and their relationship to seed plants: evidence from complete 18S rRNA gene sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 202:1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, H. D., D. Miks, M. Siegler, I. Capesius, C. W. Sensen, and V. A. R. Huss. 1995. The origin of land plants: phylogenetic relationships among charophytes, bryophytes, and vascular plants inferred from complete small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41:74–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovis, J. D. 1977. Evolutionary patterns and processes in ferns. Advances in Botanical Research 4:229–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lugardon, B. 1990. Pteridophyte sporogenesis: a survey of spore wall ontogeny and fine structure in a polyphyletic plant group. In Microspores: Evolution and Ontogeny, eds. S. Blackmore and R. B. Knox, pp. 95–112. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzoni, F., and R. Vilgalys. 1995. Integration of morphological and molecular data sets in estimating fungal phylogenies. Canadian Journal of Botany 73:S649–S659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manhart, J. R. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of green plant rbcL sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3:114–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manhart, J. R. 1995. Chloroplast 16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic relationships of fern allies and ferns. American Fern Journal 85:182–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manhart, J. R., and R. M. McCourt. 1996. Utility of introns and other genomic features in the phylogeny of green algae and land plants. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 86:108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, C. R. 1992. Character analysis and the integration of molecular and morphological data in an understanding of sand dollar phylogeny. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:309–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason-Gamer, R. J., and E. A. Kellogg. 1996. Testing for phylogenetic conflict among molecular data sets in the tribe Triticeae (Gramineae). Systematic Biology 45:524–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, S., M. Lavin, and R. A. Sharrock. 1995. Evolution of the phytochrome gene family and its utility for phylogenetic analyses of angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:296–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mickel, J. T. 1974. Phyletic lines in the modern ferns. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61:474–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishler, B. D., and S. P. Churchill. 1985. Transition to a land flora: phylogenetic relationships of the green algae and bryophytes. Cladistics 1:305–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishler, B. D., L. A. Lewis, M. A. Buchheim, K. S. Renzaglia, D. J. Garbary, C. F. Delwiche, F. W. Zechman, T. S. Kantz, and R. L. Chapman. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of the “green algae” and “bryophytes”. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:451–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, M. M., and W. M. Fitch. 1995. Testing species phylogenies and phylogenetic methods with congruence. Systematic Biology 44:64–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, N., and B. A. Schaal. 1994. Chloroplast DNA variation and the phylogeny of Asplenium sect. Hymenasplenium (Aspleniaceae) in the New World tropics. Journal of Plant Research 107:245–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, K. C. 1996. Paleobotany in cladistics and cladistics in paleobotany: enlightenment and uncertainty. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 90:361–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, K. C., W. L. Crepet, D. Stevenson, and E. M. Friis. 1994. A reevaluation of seed plant phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:484–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, R. G., and J. A. Sweere. 1994. Combining data in phylogenetic systematics: an empirical approach using three molecular data sets in the Solanaceae. Systematic Biology 43:467–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pamilo, P., and M. Nei. 1988. Relationships between gene trees and species trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5:568–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pant, D. D., and P. K. Khare. 1969. Epidermal structure and stomatal ontogeny in some eusporangiate ferns. Annals of Botany 33:795–805.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parenti, L. R. 1980. A phylogenetic analysis of the land plants. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 13:225–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. 1987. Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penny, D., M. D. Hendy, and M. A. Steel. 1991. Testing the theory of descent. In Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA Sequences, eds. M. M. Miyamoto and J. Cracraft, pp. 155–183. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philippe, H., and A. Adoutte. 1996. What can phylogenetic patterns tell us about the evolutionary processes generating biodiversity? In Aspects of the Genesis and Maintenance of Biological Diversity, eds. M. E. Hochberg, J. Clobert, and R. Barbault, pp. 41–59. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichi Sermolli, R. E. G. 1977. Tentamen Pteridophytorum genera in taxonomicum ordinem redigendi. Webbia 31:313–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryer, K. M., A. R. Smith, and J. E. Skog. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of extant ferns based on evidence from morphology and rbcL sequences. American Fern Journal 85:205–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, Y.-L., and J. D. Palmer. 1996. Intron evolution and angiosperm phylogeny. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 86:188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raubeson, L. A., and R. K. Jansen. 1992. Chloroplast DNA evidence on the ancient evolutionary split in vascular land plants. Science 255:1697–1699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raubeson, L. A., and D. B. Stein. 1995. Insights into fern evolution from mapping chloroplast genomes. American Fern Journal 85:193–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritland, K., and M. T. Clegg. 1987. Evolutionary analysis of plant DNA sequences. The American Naturalist 130:74–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo, A. G., M. Kellyborges, P. R. Bergquist, and P. L. Bergquist. 1993. A randomisation test of the null hypothesis that two cladograms are sample estimates of a parametric phylogenetic tree. New Zealand Journal of Botany 31:257–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohr, R. 1977. Etude comparée de la formation de l’exine au cours de la microsporogénèse chez une gymnosperme (Taxus baccata) et une préphanerogame (Ginkgo biloba). Cytologia 42:156–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, G. W. 1987. Complex Paleozoic Filicales in the evolutionary radiation of ferns. American Journal of Botany 74:458–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth well, G. W. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among ferns and gymnosperms: an overview. Journal of Plant Research 107:411–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, G. W. 1998. Fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny. Botanical Review, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, G. W., and R. Serbet. 1994. Lignophyte phylogeny and the evolution of spermatophytes—a numerical cladistic analysis. Systematic Botany 19:443–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, G. W., and R. A. Stockey. 1994. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms: current concepts of structure, evolutionary history, and phylogeny. Journal of Plant Research 107:409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, H. 1996. Vergleichende Wurzelanatomie der Farne. Ph.D. dissertation. Universität Zürich, Zürich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider-Poetsch, H. A. W., S. Marx, H. U. Kolukisaoglu, S. Hanelt, and B. Braun. 1994. Phytochrome evolution: phytochrome genes in ferns and mosses. Phycologia 91:241–250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, P. M., M. Averof, A. T. Lloyd, G. Matassi, and J. F. Peden. 1995. DNA sequence evolution: the sounds of silence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London (Biology) 349:241–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. B., and D. T. J. Littlewood. 1994. Paleontological data and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Paleobiology 20:259–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. R. 1995. Non-molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for ferns. American Fern Journal 85:104–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. M. 1938. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. 2, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. McGraw-Hill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., R. K. Kuzoff, E. Conti, R. Gornall, and K. Ferguson. 1996. matK and rbcL gene sequence data indicate that Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae) is polyphyletic. American Journal of Botany 83:371–382.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., C. Hibsch-Jetter, P. S. Soltis, M. W. Chase, and J. S. Farris. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic relationships among angiosperms: an overview based on rbcL and 18S rDNA sequences. Journal of Plant Research, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearns, S. C. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. B. 1985. Nucleic acid comparisons as a tool in understanding species interrelationships and phylogeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society Edinburgh 86B:283–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. B., G. Yatskievych, and G. J. Gastony. 1989. Chloroplast DNA evolution and phylogeny of some polystichoid ferns. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 17:93–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. B., D. S. Conant, M. E. Ahearn, E. T. Jordan, S. A. Kirch, M. Hasebe, K. Iwatsuki, M. K. Tan, and J. A. Thompson. 1992. Structural rearrangements of the chloroplast genome provide an important phylogenetic link in ferns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 89:1856–1860.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W. N. 1981. The progymnospermopsida: the construction of a concept. Canadian Journal of Botany 59:1539–1542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W. W., and G. W. Rothwell. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford, D. L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, version 3.1.1. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford, D. L., and D. P. Begle. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 3.1.1, User’s Manual. Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford, D. L., G. J. Olsen, P. J. Waddell, and D. M. Hillis. 1996. Phylogenetic inference. In Molecular Systematics, eds. D. M. Hillis, C. Moritz, and B. K. Mable, pp. 407–514. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takhtajan, A. L. 1953. Phylogenetic principles of the system of higher plants. Botanical Review 19:1–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, W. H., Jr. 1969. The construction of a classification. In Systematic Biology, U.S. National Academy of Sciences Publications No. 1692, pp. 67–90. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, W. H., Jr. 1977. Systematic implications of the Psilotaceae. Brittonia 29:54–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, P. G. 1995. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences in Dennstaedtiaceae. American Fern Journal 85:306–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, P. G. 1996. Nucleotide sequences from atpB provide useful data for fern systematics. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, P. G., P. S. Soltis, and D. S. Soltis. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of dennstaedtioid ferns: Evidence from rbcL sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3:383–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yatskievych, G., D. B. Stein, and G. J. Gastony. 1988. Chloroplast DNA evolution and systematics of Phanerophlebia (Dryopteridaceae) and related fern genera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 85:2589–2593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, W. 1959. Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Paul G. Wolf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kathleen M. Pryer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alan R. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mitsuyasu Hasebe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Washington State University, USA

    Douglas E. Soltis  & Pamela S. Soltis  & 

  2. Department of Botany, Cornell University, USA

    Jeff J. Doyle

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wolf, P.G., Pryer, K.M., Smith, A.R., Hasebe, M. (1998). Phylogenetic Studies of Extant Pteridophytes. In: Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Doyle, J.J. (eds) Molecular Systematics of Plants II. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5419-6_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5419-6_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-11131-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5419-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation