Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phylogenetic principles of the system of higher plants

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andrews, H. N. 1940. A new cupule from the lower carboniferous of Scotland. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club67: 555–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1948. Some evolutionary trends in the pteridosperms. Bot. Gaz.110: 13–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arber, E. A. 1921. Devonian floras: A study of the origin of Cormophyta.

  • — andJ. Parkin. 1908. On the origin of angiosperms. Jour. Linn. Soc. [Bot.]38: 29–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, C. A. 1947. An introduction to paleobotany.

  • —. 1948. Classification of gymnosperms from the view-point of paleobotany. Bot. Gaz.110: 2–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldi, V. M. 1900. Beiträge zur Morphologie einiger Gymnospermen. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosq.4:

  • Artsikhovskii, V. 1912. [Origin of plants in connection with the science of fossil forms]. Itogi nauki [Summaries of Science],6:

  • Beliaev, V. I. 1897. [Relationship of seed plants to spores according to newest investigations]. Prilozhenie k protokolam obshchitch sobranii Varsh. obshch. esteslvoisp. [Supplement to the protocol of general collections of the Warsaw research on natural science]7:

  • Benson, M. J. 1921. The grouping of vascular plants. New Phytol.20: 82–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berridge, E. M. 1911. On some points of resemblance between Gnetalean and Bennettitalean seeds. New Phytol.10: 140–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, E. W. 1917. The classification of vascular plants. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.3: 330–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, P. 1947. Les végétaux vasculaire.

  • Bower, F. O. 1923, 1926, 1928. The ferns. Vols. 1, 2, 3.

  • -. 1935. Primitive land plants.

  • Braun, A. 1831. Tannenzapfen. Nova Acta15: ({Sn1}): 347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, I. M. P. 1935. Some views on the morphology and phylogeny of the leafy vascular sporophyte. Bot. Rev.1: 383–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchholz, J. T. 1948. Generic and subgeneric distribution of the Coniferales. Bot. Gaz.110: 80–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. H. 1904. Affinities of Marsileaceae and Ophioglossaceae. Am. Nat.38: 761–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • -. 1940. The evolution of the land plants.

  • Chamberlain, J. C. 1935. Gymnosperms.

  • Christensen, C. 1938. Filicineae.In Manual of Pteridology, ed. by F. C. Verdoorn.

  • Church, A. H. 1919. Thalassiophyta and the sub-aërial migration. Oxford Bot. Mem.3: 1–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, E. B. 1947. Genera Filicum.

  • Darrah, Wm. C. 1939. Principles of paleobotany.

  • DeHaan, H. R. 1920. Contributions to the knowledge of the morphological value and the phylogeny of the ovule and its integuments. Rec. Trav. Bot. Néerl.17: 219–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, F. G. 1946. A phylogenetic study of the ferns of Burma. Ohio Jour. Sci.46: 73–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domin, K. 1938. Gymnospermae. Nova Encyklopedie prerod. ved. v Praze 1–379.

  • Eames, A. J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants.

  • —. 1951. Again ‘The New Morphology’. New Phytol.50: 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emberger, L. 1945. Les plantes fossiles dans leurs rapports avec les végétaux vivants.

  • Evans, A. W. 1939. The classification of the Hepaticae. Bot. Rev.5: 49–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florin, R. 1938–1945. Die Koniferen des unterem Perms, 1–8. Palaeontographica85B: 1–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1939. The morphology of the female fructifications in Cordaites and Conifers of Palaeozoic age. Bot. Not.1939 (4): 547–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1948. On the morphology and relationships of the Taxaceae. Bot. Gaz.110: 31–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaussen, H. M. 1944, 1946. Les gymnospermes actuelle et fossiles.

  • Gobi, C. 1916. Review of the system of plants.

  • Goebel, K. 1930. Organographie der Pflanzen, 3rd ed. II.

  • Golenkin, M. I. 1904. [Morphological and experimental investigations on liverworts].

  • -. 1927. [Conquerors in the struggle for existence. Research on the reasons and conditions of earth conquest by Angiospermae in the Middle Cretaceous era]. T. Bot. Inst. Assot. n.-issl. inst. pri fiz. mat. fak., 1. [Tr. Bot. Inst. Assoc. Sci. Res. Inst. Physicomathematical Faculty, Moscow State Univ.].

  • -. 1937. [The course on higher plants]. Biomedgiz [Biomedical Institute].

  • Gordon, W. T. 1938. OnTetrastichia bupatides; a Carboniferous pteridosperm from East Lothian. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb.59: 351–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halle, T. G. 1936. Notes on the Devonian genusSporogonites Sverg. Bot. Tidskr.30: 613–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallier, H. 1912. L’origine et système phyletique des angiospermes exposées à l’aide de leur arbre généalogique. Arch. Néerl. Sci. IIIB1. 146–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskell, G. 1949. Some evolutionary problems concerning the Bryophyta. Bryologist52: 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayata. 1931. The Sciadopityaceae represented bySciadopitys verticillata Sieb. et Zucc, an endemic species of Japan. Bot. Mag. Tokyo45: 567–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirmer, M. 1933. Rekonstruktion vonPleuromeia Sternbergi Corda, nebst Bemerkungen zu Morphologie der Lycopodiales. Paleontographica78B: 47–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1941.Noeggerathia, verwandte Formen und ihre Stellung in Sytem der Farne. Biol. Gen.15: 134–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, E. C. 1899. The morphology of the central cylinder in the angiosperms. Trans. Canad. Inst.6: 599–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1902. The structure and development of the stem in the pteridophyta and gymnosperms. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B195: 119–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • -. 1917. The anatomy of woody plants.

  • Khokhlov, S. S. 1949. [Perspectives of the evolution of higher plants].

  • Kidston, R. andW. H. Lang. 1917–1923. On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure from the Rhynie chert bed. Parts 1–5. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb.51: 761–784;52: 603–627, 643–680, 831–854, 855–902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komarov, V. L. 1933. [Origin of plants]. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. [Academy of Science U.S.S.R.]

  • Kozo-Polianskii, B. M. 1922. [Inclusion of higher plants into phylogenetic systematics].

  • -. 1927–28. [The origin of the higher plants].

  • -. 1928. [Ancestors of phanerogamia]. Goz. Timiriazevskii n.-issl. inst. [State Tim. Sci. Res. Inst.].

  • -. 1936. [On the nature of the flower of Angiospermae]. Tr. Voron. Gos. Univ. [Tr. Voron. State Univ.]9 (3).

  • -. 1937. [Biogenetic law from the botanical viewpoint].

  • -. 1940. [The laws of phylogenesis of plants and Darwinism]. Tr. Lab. Evol. Ekol. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. [Tr. Lab. Evol. & Ecol. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.]

  • —. 1941. [Newest achievements of morpho-botany]. Uspekhi sovremennoi biologii. [Contemp. Biol. Accomp.]14: 505–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1947. [On the new system of plants]. Doklady Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. [Doklady Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R.]56 (3): 309–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1947. [Natural philosopher P. F. Horianinov (1796–1865)]. T. Voron. Gos. (State) Univ.14 (2): 6–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1949. [Methods of depicting the evolutionary system of plants]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal [Bot. Jour.]34 (3): 245–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraüsell, R. andH. Weyland. 1923. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Devonflora. Part I. Sennckenbergiana5: 154–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krechetovich, L. M. 1947. [Evolution of the vegetative kingdom in the light of research on fossil plants]. Estestuoznanie v shkole [Nat Sci. in Schools]4:

  • Krishtofovich, A. N. 1941. [Paleobotany].

  • Kuznetsov, N. I. 1936. [Introduction to the systematics of flowering plants].

  • Lam, H. J. 1948. Classification and the new morphology. Acta Biotheoretica8: 107–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lignier, O. 1903. Equisetales et Sphénophyllales. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. V8: 93–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1908. Essai sur l’évolution morphologique du règne végétal. Comp. Rend. Congr. Clermont Ferrand Assoc. franç. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. VI3: 34–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilpop, J. 1937. New plants from the permocarboniferous rocks in Poland. I. Bull. l’Acad. Polon. Sci. et Lettres B.1: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotsy, J. P. 1909. Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte. BandII: 1–902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mägdefrau, K. 1931. Zur Morphologie und phylogenetischen Bedeutung der fossilen Pflanzen-gattungPleuromeia. Bergbau Bohrtech. u. Erdöl Zeit.48: 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K. I. 1916. [Investigations on the sporophyte of liverworts]. Uch. zap. Mosk. univers. [Nat. Res. Forest, Moscow Univ.]39:

  • -. 1947. [The origin of terrestrial vegetation]. Biomedgiz (Biomed. Inst.]

  • Pearson, H. H. W. 1906. Some observations onWelwitschia mirabilis Hooker. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, B198: 265–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1910. On the embryo ofWelwitschia. Ann. Bot.24: 759–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1929. Gnetales.

  • Pilger, R. 1926. Gymnospermae.In Engler und Prantl, Die nätürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed. Vol. 13.

  • Potonie, H. 1912. Grundlinien der Pflanzen-Morphologie in Lichte der Paleontologie. 2 Aufl.

  • Pulle, A. 1937. Remarks on the system of the spermatophytes. Med.Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks-Univ. Utrecht,43: 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, H. S. 1935. The structure and life history ofAzolla pinnata R. Brown with remarks on the fossil history of the Hydropterideae. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B2: 175–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahni, B. 1920. On the structure and affinities ofAcmople Pancheri Pilger. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, B210: 253–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1923. On the theoretical significance of certain so-called abnormalities in the sporangiophores of the Psilotaceae. Jour. Indian Bot. Soc.31: 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1925. Ontogeny of vascular plants and the theory of recapitulation. Jour. Indian Bot. Soc.4: 202–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoute, J. C. 1938. Morphology.In Manual of Pteridology, ed. Fr. Verdoorn.

  • Schaffner, H. 1929. Principles of plant taxonomy. VII. Ohio Jour. Sci.29: 243–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D. H. 1909. Studies in fossil botany. 2nd ed. Vol. 2.

  • -. 1927. [Evolution of the vegetable kingdom]. Ed. by Prof. L. M. Krachetovich.

  • —. 1929. Aspects of fossil botany. Ferns and seed ferns. Nature123: 350–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Severtsov, A. N. 1939. [Morphological conformities in evolution].

  • Seward, A. C. 1898. Fossil plants. Vol. 1.

  • -. 1910. Fossil plants. Vol.2.

  • -. 1911. Links with the past in the plant world.

  • -. 1917. Fossil plants. Vol.3.

  • -. 1936. [Ages and Plants]. ONTI Leningrad and Moscow.

  • Shaparenko, K. K. 1939. [Evolution of phylogenetic schemes]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal [Bot. Jour.]24: 528–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. M. 1938. Cryptogamic botany. Vol. II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

  • Solms-Laubach, H. Graf zu. 1884. Der Aufbau des Stockes vonPsilotum triquetrum und dessen Entwicklung aus der Brutknospe. Ann. Jardin Bot. Buitenzorg4: 139–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stopes, M. C. 1905. On the double nature of the cycadean integument. Ann. Bot.19: 561–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takhtajan, A. L. 1941. [The higher plants]. Isvestiia Arm. F.A.N. S.S.S.R. [Report F. A. An. USSR]8: 45–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1943. [Correlations between ontogenesis and phylogenesis in higher plants]. Tr. Eped. Gos Univers. imeri V. M. Molotov22: 71–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1947. [On principles, methods and symbols of phylogenetic constructions in botany]. Biull. Mosk. obskch. isp. prir. otdelenie biolog. [Bull Mosc. Soc. Nat. Hist. Res., Div. Biol.]52(5): 95–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1948. [Morphological evolution of Angiospermae].

  • Timiriazev, K. A. 1922. [Historical method in biology].

  • Walton, J. 1940. Introduction to the study of fossil plants.

  • —. 1949.Calathospermum scoticum—an ovuliferous fructification of lower carboniferous age from Dunbartonshire. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb.61: 719–728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wettstein, R. 1903, 1908. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Band II. 1–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1933. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. 4 Aufl. Band I.

  • Wieland, G. R. 1916. American fossil cycads. Vol.II. Taxonomy. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 34.

  • Wilde, M. H. 1944. A new interpretation of coniferous cones. Ann. Bot.8(29): 1–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilde, M. H. andA. J. Eames. 1948. The ovule and “seed” ofAraucaria Bidwillii with a discussion of the taxonomy of the genus. Ann. Bot.12(47): 311–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarmolenko, A. V. (1933). [The experimental application of the anatomy of the secondary wood in the trunk with the view of clarifying the phylogeny in conifers]. Sovetskaia botanika [Soviet Botany]6: 46–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yacenko-Khmelevski, A. A. 1939. [Structure of wood as a systematic characteristic]. Nature10: 42–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1942. [Introduction into the research on Armenia’s wood. Basic principles of the systematics of wood]. Tr. Kirovokanskaya [Experimental Forestry Sta.]3: 102–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1946. [Sketch on the history of the anatomy of wood]. Tr. Bot. Inst. Acad. Sci., Armenian SSR4: 7–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1948. [Principles of the systematics of wood]. [Tr. Bot. Inst. Acad. Sci., Armenian SSR]5: 5–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerov, D. K. 1945. [Problems of the origin of archegonial plants]. Sovetskaia botanika [Soviet botany]13(1).

  • Zimmerman, W. 1926. Die Spaltöffnungen der Psilophyta und Psilotales. Zeits. Bot.19: 129–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1930. Die Phylogenie der Pflanzen.

  • -. 1938. Phylogenie.In Manual of Pteridology, ed. Fr. Verdoorn.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Leningrad University, USA

    A. L. Takhtajan

Authors
  1. A. L. Takhtajan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

First published in Russian in Botanicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 35, 1950.

Authorized English edition translated by Dr. D. I. Lalkow, Sessional Lecturer in Russian, and edited by W. I. Illman, Assistant Professor of Botany, Carleton College, Ottawa, Ont.

Author’s transliteration of his name; methods in use in the United States would render it Takhtadzhian or Takhtadzhyan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Takhtajan, A.L. Phylogenetic principles of the system of higher plants. Bot. Rev 19, 1–45 (1953). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861725

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861725

Keywords

Search

Navigation