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Phosphorescent Ir(III) Complexes for Biolabeling and Biosensing

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Abstract

Cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes exhibit strong phosphorescence emission with lifetime of submicroseconds to several microseconds at room temperature. Their synthetic versatility enables broad control of physical properties, such as charge and lipophilicity, as well as emission colors. These favorable properties have motivated the use of Ir(III) complexes in luminescent bioimaging applications. This review examines the recent progress in the development of phosphorescent biolabels and sensors based on Ir(III) complexes. It begins with a brief introduction about the basic principles of the syntheses and photophysical processes of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes. Focus is placed on illustrating the broad imaging utility of Ir(III) complexes. Phosphorescent labels illuminating intracellular organelles, including mitochondria, lysosomes, and cell membranes, are summarized. Ir(III) complexes capable of visualization of tumor spheroids and parasites are also introduced. Facile chemical modification of the cyclometalating ligands endows the Ir(III) complexes with strong sensing ability. Sensors of temperature, pH, CO2, metal ions, anions, biosulfur species, reactive oxygen species, peptides, and viscosity have recently been added to the molecular imaging tools. This diverse utility demonstrates the potential of phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes toward bioimaging applications.

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Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Reproduced from Ref. [24]. Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. c Phosphorescence mitochondrial staining of HepG2 cells treated with 8. Reproduced from Ref. [25]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society

Fig. 4

Reproduced from Ref. [9]. Copyright 2014, WILEY–VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. c Two-photon-excitation phosphorescence lifetime imaging of lysosomes of U-87 cells treated with nanoparticles of 28@PDA-CD-RGD (see main text for the details). Reproduced from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2018, WILEY–VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. d Phosphorescence labeling of lysosomes of HeLa-S3 cells incubated with 29. Reproduced from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society

Fig. 5

Reproduced from Ref. [59]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Reproduced from Refs. [11] and [74]. Copyrights 2016, American Chemical Society and 2016, Elsevier Ltd., respectively

Fig. 8

Reproduced from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Reproduced from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2016, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Fig. 11

Reproduced from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 12

Reproduced from Refs. [85] and [86]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry and Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society

Fig. 13

Reproduced from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

Fig. 14

Reproduced from Refs. [98] and [99]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry and Copyright 2014, Elsevier Ltd., respectively

Fig. 15

Reproduced from Refs. [108] and [110]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society and Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively

Fig. 16

Reproduced from Refs. [115] and [122]. Copyright 2016 and 2017, Optical Society of America

Fig. 17

Reproduced from Ref. [131]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

Fig. 18

Reproduced from Refs. [142] and [146]. Copyright 2015 and 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively

Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Reproduced from Refs. [163] and [164]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively

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Acknowledgements

Y.Y. acknowledges the financial support provided by the Midcareer Research Program (NRF-2019R1A2C2003969) and the Nano Material Technology Development Program (NRF-2021M3D1A2049323) through the National Research Foundation grants funded by the Ministry of Science, Information, and Communication Technology and Future Planning of Korea.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea

    Byung Hak Jhun, Dayoon Song & Youngmin You

  2. Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials (CSOM) and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

    Byung Hak Jhun & Soo Young Park

  3. Graduate Program for System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea

    Dayoon Song & Youngmin You

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  1. Byung Hak Jhun
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  2. Dayoon Song
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This article is part of the Topical Collection “Metal Ligand Chromophores for Bioassays”; edited by Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo and Peter Kam-Keung Leung.

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Jhun, B.H., Song, D., Park, S.Y. et al. Phosphorescent Ir(III) Complexes for Biolabeling and Biosensing. Top Curr Chem (Z) 380, 35 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-022-00389-3

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